Процесс общения является привычным и обыденным for the vast majority of people. The linguistic form of communication becomes an indispensable means of transmitting one's thoughts in the formulated form for both young children and adults. Another thing is that the quality of speech use can be different. According to expert estimates, a person, over almost his entire life, accumulates experience in using language as a means of speech communication, improving it in various aspects. In the early postembryonic age, a person develops basic communication skills with the outside world, including speech. The development of speech in ontogenesis occurs in stages, some of which can demonstrate the level of knowledge of this skill, which, at first glance, is in no way connected with the traditional concept of language communication.
Speech communication can be considered asinformation exchange tool. It is thanks to the psycholinguistic process, which was formed through speech skills, that a person was able to use the past and modern experience of other people. In this way, the development of the labor skills of mankind took shape. At the same time, speech cannot be considered in isolation from the direct tool for its implementation, the language. On the one hand, it refers to the organ of the articulatory apparatus, and on the other, a set of signs indicating a particular phenomenon, action or object of the real world. The quality of the use of language skills determines the effectiveness of communication. And the development of speech in ontogenesis is in some way the foundation on which the subsequent formation of articulation and other abilities is built.
As already noted, the speech allowed the personachieve a modern and fairly high level of work. This was possible due to the fact that the person effectively used the functions of speech communication. First of all, it is the function of communication, which acts as a translator of the thoughts of a specific individual. Here it is worth emphasizing the ability to perceive speech, without which the psycholinguistic process is either significantly depleted or has no meaning at all. At the same time, speech and its use gives rise to personal intellectual activity, during which such skills as memory, perception, thinking, etc. are improved. Like the functions of communication, these abilities depend on how effective the speech itself is. The development of speech in ontogenesis lays also the qualitative characteristics of this skill. Among them stands out the ability to meaningfully convey thoughts, correctness of presentation, expressiveness and effectiveness, that is, influence on the interlocutor.
There are different approaches to systematizationstages in the process of which, with varying degrees of intensity, the formation of speech use skills takes place. But usually there are still three basic stages - these are preparatory, pre-school and pre-school periods. The initial phase involves the development of speech in the period up to a year. Moreover, it can be divided into several separate periods, since at this time there are several fundamentally important transitional moments in development. This is followed by the so-called primary or preschool stage, to the onset of which the child should already have formed the basic skills of owning a speech apparatus. But, again, these are only the initial stages of the development of speech in ontogenesis, from which one should not expect serious results in terms of improving the quality of communication skills. And the third stage involves the formation of skills in the use of grammatical tools.
From the first birthdays of traditional eventhere are no embryonic manifestations of speech, but this period is important from the point of view of the formation of the speech apparatus. It is significant, because at this time there is an opportunity to eliminate some physiological defects that will further become an obstacle to the full development of articulation abilities. Therefore, a special place is the examination of organs that will determine the future development of speech in ontogenesis. Briefly, these organs can be designated as a triad, including respiratory, voice and articulating devices. During the same period, the child begins to show the movements of these sections, thanks to which he makes shouts and cries.
До 5-6 месяцев у ребенка начинает укрепляться speech apparatus, he can confidently babble and scream. By the end of this station, there is also a crack, which can also give information about possible defects. What else is important, in parallel with the development of their own abilities to verbal communication, children begin to actively perceive third-party sounds, giving them a particular meaning. Parents and others in general can influence the fixation of words in the context of creating an associative connection. In general, the features of the development of speech in ontogenesis are largely determined by the influence of the external environment. The child is affected by intonation, individual situational nuances and patterns of behavior. In order to strengthen some model situations, it is recommended to repeat them several times - the memory of a child at this time is sometimes a more effective tool for development than physical articulation skills.
This period is characterized by two importantchanges that mark a new level in the development of speech skills by the child. First, it is an active imitation of adults. Children not only seek to imitate sound signals, through which communication takes place, but also imitate the very mechanics of articulation pronunciation. Thus, a typical model is formed, on the basis of which speech will be built. The development of speech in ontogenesis at this stage also implies the strengthening of associations between words and the outside world, but already in a complex and with emotional coloring. And here we can note the second important change in the direction of future development. This is the appearance of clearer responses to words and phrases. The child more fully perceives the speech of adults and makes already separate decisions based on it.
During this period, the child is formedarticulatory apparatus and the semantic base is fixed, on the basis of which it can be aware of what adults are saying. And if in the first year the understanding of words occurs in a generalized form, then at this time the children already have more or less stable speech, albeit with serious errors. For example, they may confuse the meanings of certain words, omit prepositions, and also have difficulty expressing requests. At this stage, the development of speech in the process of ontogenesis mainly occurs due to the accumulation of words. That is, the mechanics of handling them are already in the stage of active formation and are only being improved, but many children experience difficulties precisely because of a lack of vocabulary.
From the age of 3, children can already express theirthoughts in an understandable form, while respecting the grammatical structure. Of course, in this period there will be a lot of mistakes. Most of them are still allowed due to the inability to properly use complex sentences, and in some cases mistakes are also made in the pronunciation of sounds. Also developing a phonemic perception. This means that the child can more effectively approach his own control of speech. He hears himself and corrects, based on the rules set by the adults themselves. Therefore, the educational function of parents is still significant. In addition, the development of children's speech in ontogeny at this stage is inextricably linked with the improvement of such qualities as thinking, memorization and perception.
Anchoring the ability to perceive sounds onhearing and reproduce them correctly is formed along with the development of direct organs of speech generation. In other words, the entire speech apparatus and vocal divisions, together with the auditory system, are the central objects that the child seeks to intuitively master. Moreover, more attention can be paid precisely to the articulation, since the quality of pronunciation depends on it. It also manifests the ability to diversify the use of speech shades. Emotions are increasingly reflected in the way in which certain words are pronounced. Intonation, in particular, at this stage acquires its own stylistic features, which naturally can repeat the manner of conversation of surrounding adults.
In addition to the accumulation of words, at this time the childtrying to tie them right. The simplest connections he succeeds, but still there are problems with the preparation of complex phrases. Skills of correct case management develop gradually. The ability to distinguish in the process of speech plural and singular numbers, endings, etc., also develops. Children learn the techniques of word formation and inflection, independently make up sentences and learn how to properly handle accents. And as before, the phonetics and the ability to perceive third-party speech remains one of the main external factors due to which the child develops his or her communication skills.
During this period there is a complex strengtheningskills of speaking from different sides - with sound, morphological, grammatical and lexical. Connected speech requires a great deal of effort from the child and also involves thought processes more. The skills of maintaining a dialogue are also being formed, which already consists not only of simple or complex sentences, but also requires relatively quick speech reactions to alternating answers and questions. As the patterns of development of speech in ontogenesis show, children begin to pay special attention in the process of communication and its context. The generality of the situation, which connects the child and the interlocutor, has an impact on his statements.
Voice defects are primarily associated withunderdevelopment of mental functions, although often there are physical abnormalities. Usually, both causes complement each other, because of which a formidable complex of factors is formed that do not allow to find an unambiguous means of getting rid of the problem. These defects include alalia, dysphonia, logoneurosis, etc. Some deviations are associated with impairments in the processes of vocal education, others are caused by hearing aid problems, and still others do not allow the temporhythmic function to be properly organized. Sometimes impaired speech development in ontogenesis can be corrected at an early age. But as they grow up, even within the initial stages of the development of oral speech, it becomes increasingly difficult to cope with such violations.
According to experts, there is no commonmodels, which is the development of speech abilities. As these skills develop, each child as a bridge develops his own system, which helps him to understand the laws and principles on which speech is based. The development of speech in ontogenesis also occurs with the deposition of certain skills. To this, too, should be prepared. For example, he may at the early stages feel repeated voiced sounds, but he is not yet able to pronounce them. In some respects, the differentiation of individual signs of verbal communication also occurs in terms of phonetic perception, and will also take place in the further formation of the ability to put sentences into words and maintain dialogues.
