The construction of any structures begins withthe first stage of the construction of buildings, laying the foundation. Even at the design stage, it is necessary to calculate the operational load on the designed structure and select the required type of foundation.
For the construction of the foundation requires seriousapproach, it is necessary to take into account many factors that determine the reliability and durability of the building being erected. This is the topography of the site, the level of groundwater and the depth of freezing of the ground, it is also necessary to take into account the nature of the soil. It is necessary to finally approve the project: the type, number of floors of the house, especially the layout. Errors, at this stage of construction, will lead to inevitable problems; base skew, various deformations and cracks, material overrun.
For self-build foundationit is necessary, first of all, to determine the type of foundation, as well as the nature of the materials with which to work. For private construction, strip foundations are more often used, provided reinforced concrete is used, they are designed for about 150 years of operation, and are able to withstand considerable loads. Then make a breakdown of the foundation and earthworks. It also discusses how to waterproof the foundation, if necessary, drainage. Formwork for the foundation can be both removable and non-removable, it can be made both with your own hands, and industrial production. Metal formwork for the foundation is becoming very popular, it can be used several times and is a metal frame to which plates made of steel or aluminum are attached. Such formwork can withstand fairly large loads, almost indestructible. The disadvantage of this formwork is the price, and if you want to save, consider an alternative option - formwork for the foundation with your own hands.
The timbering for the base is madesimple enough. For its manufacture, you need a 50 mm thick edged board and nails, from which they knock together shields, while driving nails from the inside to the outside. Shields are mounted on supports hammered into the ground, on both sides of the foundation, and you must very carefully align the verticality of the walls with a plumb line. With a large extent, the formwork for the foundation is additionally strengthened with spacers installed at a certain distance, about a meter.
Опалубку выводят над землей на 30 см и выше, и the upper edge of its exhibit level, this is true when building walls. When the formwork for the foundation is made with our own hands, we make reinforcement and then we pour concrete into it. Filling is done in layers with obligatory tamping in order not to leave voids. For a sufficient hardening of the concrete, it takes about a month and during this period it is recommended to create conditions for uniform drying, cover the top with roofing felt, or periodically irrigate with water.
It is possible to protect the foundation from water by making a blind area.It is tilted from the wall to the outside and its width should be from 70 to 120 cm. The main goal here is to divert rainwater from the foundation. It is best to make a blind area of concrete while the slope of such a blind area should be 3-5%. Such a wide blind area can even serve as a decorative walkway around the house. To protect the foundation in addition to creating a blind area, it is also necessary to build a drainage system in the adjacent area. Having laid the paths in the country with their own hands, along the blind area, and then the paths lay drainage grooves, making the slope directed towards the natural drainage.
Drainage will allow to drain part of the house under the foundation, which prevents dampness in the house, as well as the gradual destruction of the foundation.
