Jewelry was always appreciated.And not so much because of the considerable cost of materials used, but because of the skilful or filigree performance of jewelry masterpieces, because of the high technique of artistic processing of the product. One of the types of this technique is filigree.
So the filigree is a certain waythe execution of patterned products made of fine wire, which is elongated from precious metals (silver, platinum, gold). As a result, it turns out, simply put, wire lace.
To decorate such products often used so-called grains - small balls. They are also made of precious metals - silver, gold.
Surprisingly, she, born inancient times, continues to be used in modern times in almost the same form. It is wrong to think that the filigree appeared for the first time in Ancient Rus. This is not true. Monuments of the 6th-4th centuries BC. E., belonging to Greece, Egypt, prove a high level of ownership of this type of jewelry technology. However, the method of drawing for obtaining wire in ancient times was not known. It was made from a metal rod by forging and polishing. In Russia, the filigree filigree spread in the 10th century. Approximately at the same time, they began to use granules in scanned products. And it was only in the 15th and 16th centuries that very different materials were used: enamel, precious stones, wood.
Скань в Древней Руси – это своего рода визитная a card of original Russian jeweler art. This technique was widely used for making not only ornaments, but also church utensils, salaries of sacred books and icons, weapons, household items. For example, even the morocco boots were decorated with a groove.
In the 17th century, specialworkshops, which were engaged in the manufacture of wire (drawing work). And with monasteries, princely estates opened workshops, in which the real talents of filigree work. The most famous masters of those times are chronicles called Ivan Fomin and Ambrose.
Fibers are very expensive products thatwere available only to rich people. After all, it was a manual, delicate work, requiring the master to accumulate years of experience, in which the secrets of skill were made.
In the 18-19th centuries, filigree in Rus is going through a periodflourishing. The assortment of products made in this jewelry technique is constantly expanding. Workshops appear in many cities, and soon factory production of scanned products is being set up.
The beginning of the 20th century, for obvious reasons, was a period of decline - war, revolution ... Of course, it was not up to the jewelry art.
However, in Soviet Russia it is again reborn.And to such an extent that it is gaining world fame. In 1937, at an exhibition in Paris, artisans from the artel "Krasnoselsky handicraft" received a gold medal, they were shown at the exhibition in New York (1939).
The products of masters from the village of Kazachkovo (Nizhny Novgorod region), Mstera settlement (Vladimir region), the city of Privolzhsk (Ivanovo region) were also appreciated.
Over time, there were large factory production of jewelry from scans in Moscow, Leningrad and other cities.
Depending on the way the products are made, the fabric can be of three types. In the welded scan on a metal base, a wire pattern is soldered.
In the openwork scape the base is missing, the wire patterns are fastened together, and metal laces are produced. It is the delicate filigree abroad often called the Russian filigree.
The third kind is a voluminous filigree.As a rule, these are products consisting of several parts. So these parts are also performed by the scanning technique separately, and then they are combined into a single whole. It can be, for example, animal figurines, a tray, a vase, a glass holder. The fabric gives these products refinement and uniqueness.
Since ancient times it was believed that for the scan fitsilver and gold are the best. These noble soft and non-impregnated metals are easily drawn into the wire. For example, a thread that can be made from 1 gram of gold will be about 2,500 meters long.
However, the scanned products, which are obtained from precious metals, are very expensive, so they began to use other materials to reduce their prices.
First of all, copper, because it has a high plasticity and softness. In addition, the copper thread is easy to silver or gild.
Also used are aluminum, nickel silver, brass and some other metals. The main thing is to have the opportunity to pull out of them a thin wire. After all, the filigree is a product consisting of wire patterns.
Действительно, каждый мастер-сканщик имеет свои secrets of skill. Even now, when the factory production of such products has appeared, the share of manual labor remains large. And from the master, from the skilful artist depends, how much qualitative and charming will be the thing, executed by the technique of scanning.
Толщина проволоки для различных элементов products, quantity and composition of fast ice, the duration of wire firing ... There are a lot of secrets from every master. However, the main stages of work remain unchanged. It is not worth stopping at the production of wire threads themselves. Fabric - it is still directly the execution of the product, or even the creation of a work of art.
Having sorted the wire by thickness, its mastertwists or leaves smooth - it all depends on the product on which it begins work. By the way, before you start it, he must make a sketch of the full-size product. Work is carried out on each part separately. They bend strictly according to the sketch. For small tools, special tools such as tweezers are used, and with large ones, fingers can be handled. When performing openwork patterns, the parts are first glued to the sketch and then soldered together. The paper on which the sketch is applied burns during soldering, as a result only the product remains.
Napaynaya filigree immediately attached to the metal base.
The final procedure is the silvering of the item and its polishing.
To give originality to the product from scans, special techniques are used.
The first is the use of grain, small balls. They are soldered already on the finished product in a specially prepared grooves. And at once things give elegance and sophistication.
It will be even more interesting to make a scan mobile.What it is? Graphic pattern applied to the product is sprinkled with an alloy of tin, copper, lead, sulfur, and silver. Then firing is carried out, the mobile melts, and the pattern is filled with this composition.
One can not forget such a technique asenameling. It uses the glassy mass that covers the product. Enamel is very different. The most interesting, perhaps, painted, so-called enamel. The fabric is painted with multicolored paints, which are fixed by firing.
In conclusion, those who want to purchase realfiligree products, you can advise more often to attend special jewelry exhibitions. There and a decent range, and you can find real works of art from the filigree.
