As a child, we all wrote a school essay “Heroof our time ”based on the novel by Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov, but the majority of students did not really think about the motives of the writer and the background of the work. Objectively, not every student is able to understand the complex psychological experiences of adults. Therefore, to the classical work, on the one hand - simple, and on the other - deep, it is necessary to return to mature years and rethink, to find a common or opposite with itself, the world, the Universe ...
The work "Hero of Our Time" was the firstprose novel, written in the style of socio-psychological realism. In addition to the history of the main character, the moral and philosophical work also contained a vivid and harmonious description of the life of Russia in the 1930s. It was a kind of experimental innovation in terms of the genre on the part of the author, since at that time such a genre as "novel" did not exist. Lermontov later admitted that he wrote the novel "The Hero of Our Time", based on Pushkin's experience and literary traditions of Western Europe. This influence is especially noticeable in terms of the romanticism of this novel.
In 1832, M.Lermontov wrote a poem “I want to live! I want sadness ... ”Where does a young man have such despair, along with the maturity of thought, the accuracy of vision and such an unstoppable desire for the storm? Maybe it is this life-affirming despair that attracts the attention of many generations of readers and makes Lermontov's poetry relevant today? Thoughts about the desire for storms arise in the poem “Sail” written in the same year: “And he, the rebellious one, asks for storms, as if there is peace in storms!” "Poisoned from infancy."
To understand these words, you should remember inwhat epoch Lermontov had to live, and the time, which was reflected later in the novel “The Hero of Our Time”. It is more correct to begin writing the novel by analyzing the poet's earlier poems, since it is in them that the prerequisites that prompted the author to create a unique work are seen.
Youth M.Lermontov came at a time that was sad enough for the history of Russia. December 14, 1825 on the Senate Square in St. Petersburg there was an uprising of the Decembrists, which ended in defeat. The organizers of the uprising were hanged, the participants were sent to a twenty-five year exile in Siberia. Lermontov's peers, unlike Pushkin's peers, grew up in an atmosphere of oppression. Modern schoolchildren should take this into account when preparing an essay on this topic.
Lermontov has endowed the hero with "a gloomy essencebeing of its era. At that time, commanders played the role of suppressing the people, judges were needed to complete an unfair trial, poets — to glorify the king. The atmosphere of fear, suspicion, hopelessness was growing. In the youth of the poet there was no light and faith. He grew up in a spiritual wilderness and all the while trying to escape from it.
In the monologue poem there is a line:“Amidst the empty storms, our youth is languishing ...” It is hard to believe that the author of a poetic work was only 15 years old! But it was not the usual youthful pessimism. Lermontov could not yet explain, but was already beginning to understand that a person who does not have the ability to act cannot be happy. Ten years after Monologue, he will write the novel Hero of Our Time. A writing on this topic must necessarily contain a reasoning about the current time and about the place of the person inside it. It is in the “Hero of Our Time” that the author will explain the psychology of his generation and reflect the hopelessness to which his peers are doomed.
When writing an essay it is reasonable to indicatethat the novel Lermontov began writing in 1838 under the influence of Caucasian impressions. At first it was not even a novel, but separate stories, united by the main character. In 1839 the journal Otechestvennye zapiski reported that M. Lermontov was preparing to publish a collection of his stories. Each of these stories was based on a certain literary tradition: “Bela” was written in the style of a traveler’s essay, “Princess Mary” - according to the traditions of a secular story, “Taman” - in the spirit of a lyrical novel, “Fatalist” - in the manner of “a story about a mysterious event , Which was popular in the 1830s. Later from these stories the full-fledged novel “Hero of Our Time” will be born.
Writing-reasoning can be briefly supplementedevents described in the novel "Princess Ligovskaya" (1836). This work chronologically and in a plot preceded the “Hero”. It was there that Pechorin first appeared, a Guards officer who was in love with Princess Vera Ligovskaya. A separate chapter "Taman" was written in 1837, appearing as if a continuation of "Princess Ligovsky." All these works are interconnected and have a single socio-philosophical line, a single concept and genre orientation.
В новой редакции была изменена композиция романа "Hero of our time". The writing was recommended to be supplemented with a chronology of writing: the story “Bela” became the initial chapter of the novel, followed by “Maxim Maximych” and “Princess Mary”. Later, the first two stories were combined with the headline “From Officer's Notes” and became the leading part of the novel, and the second part was “Princess Mary”. It was intended to state the pressing “confession” of the protagonist. During August-September 1839, M. Lermontov decided to completely rewrite all the chapters with the exception of the chapter “Bela”, which at that time was already published. It was at this stage of the work that the chapter “Fatalist” entered the novel.
В первой редакции роман имел такое название «Один from the heroes of the beginning of the century. " It consisted of four parts - four separate stories, although in the meaning of the novel the author himself divided only into two parts. The initial part is the notes of the officer-narrator, the second is the notes of the hero. The introduction of the chapter "Fatalist" deepened the philosophical stream of the work. Breaking the novel into pieces, Lermontov did not set the task to preserve the chronology of events, the goal was to maximally reveal the soul of the main character and the soul of the people of that restless era.
By the end of 1839 M.Lermontov creates the final edition of the novel, including the chapter "Taman" and changing the composition of the work. The novel began with the head of "Bela", followed by "Maxim Maximych". Notes of the protagonist, Pechorin, now began with the head of Taman, and ended with Fatalist. The famous Pechorin Journal appeared in the same edition. So, the novel consists of five chapters and a new name appears: the novel “The Hero of Our Time”.
The surname of the protagonist of the novel associated him withPushkin Eugene Onegin. The surname Pechorin comes from the name of the great Russian river Pechora, located not far from Onega (hence, as already noted, the name Onegin). And this relationship is not accidental.
Following A. Pushkin M.Lermontov turns to the image of his contemporaries and analyzes his fate in the context of his time. Lermontov penetrates deeper into the secrets of the soul of the protagonist, reinforcing the psychologism of the work and saturating it with deep philosophical reflections on the morality of society.
"The hero of our time" - an essay-argument,The first moral and psychological prose novel in Russian literature. This is a kind of realistic novel, in which the main attention is focused on solving the moral problems posed by the writer, which require in-depth psychological analysis.
In the novel, the author decides relevant to hismoral and ethical problems of time: good and evil, love and friendship, death and religion, the purpose of man and free will. The psychologism of the work lies in the fact that Lermontov focuses on the personality of the hero, his spiritual experiences. Before the reader appears "naked" soul Pechorin. The novel "Hero of Our Time" is the story of his soul.
Автор несколько раз менял композицию, чтобы more fully disclose the main problem - the spiritual quest of the protagonist. This is all Lermontov. “The hero of our time,” whose theme is seen in describing life situations and turns in the fate of the main character, is completely devoid of any chronology. The question arises: why does the author not adhere to chronology in the arrangement of chapters? Chronological inconsistency is due to several reasons.
Due to the complex and "inconsistent"There are several storytellers in the novel’s structure; each chapter has its own. Thus, in the chapter “Bela” the reader will learn about the course of events from the story of Maxim Maksimovich (Maksimych), in “Maksim Maksimych” the story is led by an officer, heads “Taman”, “Princess Mary”, “Fatalist” are presented in the form of a journal and a diary of the main character . That is, the narrator is Pechorin himself. The journal and diary forms allow the author to provide not only an analysis of the hero’s soul, but also a deep self-analysis of the personality.
By the nature of Pechorin was an adventurer.How else to explain the situation when Azamat, the son of one of the local princes, kidnapped his sister Bela and brought Pechorin, and in response Pechorin steals a horse from Kazbich for Azamat? The hero did not get tired of giving expensive gifts to his woman, which ultimately won her favor. The girl attracted him with her pride and rebelliousness.
If we talk about the power of feelings, response orunrequited love, the sympathy of Lermontov on the side of Bela - she really loved Pechorin truly. But as if the main character was floating with the flow, he himself could not determine whether the girl feels real feelings for the girl, or whether this passion is bubbling in his soul and body. In this and the tragedy of the protagonist - he was unable to deeply empathize. In the love affair Pechorin-Bela laid the theme of works. "The hero of our time" contains many moments that reveal the ability of the main character to strong feelings. Pechorin is aware of what is causing the misfortunes of others, but he still does not understand what the matter is. As a result, all his experiences are reduced to boredom, spiritual emptiness and frustration.
However, to talk about complete heartlessness is nothave to. When Bela dies a terrible death, it causes sympathy for her, not only for Maxim Maksimych and readers. In the last moments of Bela’s life, Pechorin became “pale as a sheet.” And then “I was ill for a long time, I lost weight, poor thing ...” He felt his sin in front of her, but he tried to hide all his feelings deep in his soul. Perhaps that is why he broke out "strange laughter", so scared Maxim Maximych. Most likely, it was a kind of nervous breakdown. So only the real “hero of our time” could behave. The author’s character traits were close — he lived side by side with such people every day. The reader sees the act of Pechorin through the eyes of the narrator Maxim Maksimych, but does not understand the reasons for these acts.
"He is so white, his uniform is like thata new one, that I immediately guessed that he was recently in the Caucasus, ”was how Maxim Maximych saw Pechorin. From the description it is felt that the narrator sympathizes with Pechorin. This is evidenced by the words with diminutively-tender suffixes that the narrator uses, and the phrase "Glorious was a guy ...".
В романе «Герой нашего времени» сочинение о жизни Pechorin could have been written as a separate multi-page book - so ambiguous, bright and deep image was laid in it by the author. Pechorin differed from others in his behavior: reaction to changes in temperature, sudden pallor, prolonged silence, and unexpected talkativeness. Because of these “unusual” signs for old-timers, Maxim Maksimych considered Pechorin strange.
Maksimych understood the feelings, driven by youngerPechorin, however, considered it necessary to return the girl to his father, although he himself became strongly attached to Bela, respecting her for pride and endurance. However, he also owns the words: "There are people with whom you absolutely must agree." Maxim Maksimych meant Pechorin, who was a strong personality and could subordinate all to his will.
Lermontov in Russian prose is one of the firstauthors, for whom nature is not bare scenery, but a full-fledged hero of the story. It is known that the author was captivated by the beauty of the Caucasus, its severity and greatness. Roman Lermontov's “Hero of Our Time” is simply imbued with pictures of nature — wild but beautiful. As a number of critics point out, it was Lermontov who, for the first time, added to the concept of “humanizing nature” that was already used by other writers, “human consumption”. Special artistic techniques in the description of nature allowed us to emphasize the wild laws by which the people of the mountains lived. The same accuracy in the description and brightness of the color of the Caucasus is distinguished by the pictures painted by M. Y. Lermontov personally.
So, the work “Hero of Our Time” is already inthe very title of the first novel laid all its essence. Pechorin - the personification of the generation. It cannot be said that all people rushed about in spiritual experiences, suffered from misunderstanding, and their souls were hardened. The protagonist personified not so much fellow citizens as an era — a complex, sometimes cruel to people, but at the same time strong and strong-willed. This is what must be remembered when preparing the essay "The Hero of Our Time". Lermontov brilliantly conveyed the atmosphere of society in the history of one hero.
