Bashkir ornaments and patterns are importantcomponent of material culture and at the same time one of the forms of spiritual creativity of the people of Bashkortostan. In this sense, folk art is the result of centuries of development: in ornamentation, in separate patterns, in colors, in their combination, craftsmen figuratively reflected people's lives and their understanding of the surrounding reality at different stages of history.
Major events in the history of the Bashkirs, one way or anotherTurns in their fate always or almost always found artistic reflection in art, including decorative: in ornamentation, in technique of execution, in the development of new or the extinction of existing types of creativity.
Bashkir ornament, techniquesornaments, colors, patterns terminology are a concentrated reflection of the interweaving of the ethnic history of the Bashkir people. It concerns its origin, ethnic processes in the period of the Middle Ages, ancient and modern cultural-historical interactions with neighboring nations. For a number of reasons, art, primarily due to the great stability of the ornament, is fuller and more prominent than many other types of material culture, it carries traces of different eras and interactions of different ethnic groups.
National ornaments and patterns can be found on virtually all types of products made by the caring hands of folk craftsmen:
The ornament of the Bashkir people is especially cleartraced in carpet weaving. Patterned carpets were a mandatory part of the dowry of the girl. Striped patterned palaces were spread throughout southern Bashkiria and among the Bashkir population of the Kurgan Region. In southwestern, western, and partly central Bashkiria, in the basins of the Dema and Ik rivers, as well as in the middle and lower reaches of the Belaya River, mainly carpets with geometric patterns were woven.
С середины 20 века на юго-западе республики vegetative motifs in the form of curls and branches with flowers, leaves, berries, apples, etc., are widely used in the ornament of carpets. In fact, this is a new, modern stage in the evolution of ornament and patterns on the territory of Bashkiria.
Striped carpets woven with panels20-22 cm wide. A longitudinally striped pattern is created by a base of dyed sheep or goat wool. The pattern of carpet is simple - it is longitudinal, jagged or smooth multicolor stripes. A very simple striped Bashkir ornament suggests that this is the most ancient type of carpet.
They are sewn from two, sometimes three wovenpanels 40-60 cm wide and enclosed in a narrow border. Border is usually woven with a separate panel and with a pattern somewhat different from the pattern of the central field. Sometimes such a carpet does not have a border at all.
Bashkir carpet ornament with geometricthe pattern is mostly rectilinear, with clear figures. The main elements of it are multi-colored diamonds, squares, eight-pointed stars and other figures that fill the ornamented field of the carpet in regular rows. They, in turn, are designed internally by the same, but smaller, figures. Elements of the ornament, when viewed separately, are found in the ornamentation of many other nations. However, in combination, in the overall composition, especially with well-chosen colors, they form that unique colorful pattern that gives the ornament a unique Bashkir national flavor.
In the case of the plant interpretation of the geometric pattern, the branches of the traditional rhombus take the outlines of the branches with leaves, and the eight-pointed star is treated as an eight-petalled flower.
Bashkir national ornament regardingcolor range is diverse. The colors of the stripes are red, yellow, green, blue, blue, violet and others in the deepest tones with an absolute predominance of madder color. In an effort not to repeat each other, weavers achieve significant diversity in color. With the simplest composition by skillful selection and combination of colors, they achieve great colorful ornament.
Bashkir ornaments and patterns so farfound on the front national dress. Fabrics from plant fibers of the Bashkirs are distinguished by a rich and rich ornament, a variety of decoration techniques. For sewing everyday clothes, everyday objects, the so-called pestrade was made - colored canvas in a cage or in a strip. Festive and ceremonial clothing, objects that adorn the dwelling, were ornamented with patterns of mortgage or fraternal weaving (woven cloth).
Из пестроткани шили женские рубахи, передники, women's and men's pants. Tablecloths, towels, napkins, curtains, various bags, etc. were made from it. The checkered pattern of the patchwork is formed by the intersection of colored stripes. In the southern regions of Bashkiria and in the Trans-Urals, the pestrade is weaved by large cells. The colors are dominated by red, white and black. The national ornament of the multicolored northern regions is distinguished by small cells of the design and more variegated colors. Often the checkered pestrade, intended for aprons, tablecloths and curtains, was decorated and decorated with marital patterns like rosettes-medallions.
Mortgage weaving patterns were decorated onlydecorative items for the home: curtains, towels and tablecloths. Mortgage technology was not used in the ornamentation of clothing. The simplest elements of the ornament, made by bookmarks, are massive, steep lines - this is a typical Bashkir ornament. The drawing of these lines becomes more complicated, they, connecting with each other, form X-shaped, 3-shaped, rhombic, 8-shaped figures and other more complex patterns. The eight-pointed star, the cross, the swastika, the rhombus with the extended sides or with twin curls at the corners, and horn-like figures are very characteristic.
Традиционно в Башкирии вышивка имела даже большее value than patterned fabrics. This is explained by a simpler working technique, and more creative efforts can be made. Weaving required raw materials and weaving machines, and with the proliferation of finished fabrics, making your own became anachronism. But the embroidery in demand today. Bashkir patterns and ornaments are very diverse. The patterns depend on the embroidery technique and the method of applying the rough image on the surface to be embroidered.
Основные элементы орнамента — это фигурки в виде the paired horns of a ram, S-shaped lines, which in various combinations give patterns in the form of the letter X, swastikas or form highly stylized floral motifs. The Bashkir ornament is decorated with embroidery on cloth, velvet, less often on cotton fabric with silk, woolen or cotton threads. Patterns on cheprak are usually embroidered on a red or green background, and on pouches and decorative ribbons there is also a black background, which gives the pattern more brightness and provides a clear sound of each color in the pattern. For the patterns themselves, colors of warm tones are usually chosen, but, as a rule, contrasting with the background. Red, yellow, green, and very rarely blue and blue are most commonly used. The favorite red color is often found on patterns with the same red background.
Carving, ornament on the dishes and painting on wood is notwere so widespread among the Bashkirs, such as embroidery or weaving. The exception is the architectural carving, which appeared everywhere in Bashkiria in the second half of the 19th century. The most widespread art wood carving received in the mountainous part of southeastern Bashkortostan, where the vast taiga forests of the Southern Urals are concentrated, giving a variety of raw materials for "wooden production".
Subsistence needs and forest availabilityIt has long made it necessary and possible to make various utensils from wood, household items. At the same time, among the Bashkirs, practicality, expediency was connected and closely intertwined with aesthetic tastes. When making household items, Bashkirs sought to make them not only durable, convenient to use, but also beautiful. It is no coincidence that the brightest, most interesting was the ornament on the dishes and objects that were constantly used daily in everyday life. At the same time, in the manufacture of buckets for koumiss, in the ornamentation of utensils, in the painting of wooden stands for the chest, along with the national flavor developed over the centuries, the elements of patterns that are characteristic of the ancient tribes who once participated in the ethnic formation of the Bashkir nationality are preserved.
Орнамент башкирского народа — тот же фольклор.It is a product of the collective creativity of succeeding generations. Each pattern is the result of collective creativity, at the same time it is a product of the artistic imagination of an individual. Many masters not only make changes to the patterns known to them, but also create new ones. In turn, the newly created patterns do not remain unchanged. Other artists grind them or, relying on traditional patterns, create their own. Hence the diversity and richness of the forms that we observe in the folk ornamentation of Bashkiria.
