To date, many countries have chosendemocracy as a form of government. From the ancient Greek language, the word "democracy" is translated as "the power of the people", which means the collective adoption of political decisions and their implementation. This distinguishes it from authoritarianism and totalitarianism, when the management of state affairs is concentrated in the hands of one person - the leader. This article will tell you what parliamentary democracy is.
In order to consider this form of managementthe state, like parliamentarism, should pay attention to the democratic system as a whole, what it is. Democracy itself is of two kinds: immediate and representative. The means of expressing direct democracy are a manifestation of civic interests directly, through the holding of referendums, strikes, rallies, signature gatherings, etc. The purpose of these actions is to influence the authorities, the people directly demand fulfillment of their demands. In this case, citizens themselves express their interests, without resorting to the help of these or other intermediaries.
Representative democracy differs fromdirect that the people take part in the political life of the state not independently and directly, but with the help of the intermediaries they elect. Legislative bodies elect deputies whose duties include protecting the interests of the civilian population. Parliamentary democracy is one of the classic examples of such a state system.
In short, parliamentarismis a form of government when deputies of legislative assemblies elect and appoint members of the government. They are appointed from party members who have won the majority of votes in the parliamentary elections. This form of government, like parliamentary democracy, is possible not only in states with a democratic system. It can exist in monarchic countries, but in this case the ruler does not have a wide range of powers. We can say that the sovereign reigns, but does not take any state-important decisions, its role is minimal and, more likely, symbolic: it is participation in any ceremonies, tribute to traditions. It should be noted that the ideal condition for establishing parliamentarism is the existence of a bipartisan system, which is necessary to ensure political stability.
This type of democracy can also exist inwithin the framework of a parliamentary republic, which means the possibility of a representative body of power to elect a head of state. But also the chairman of the governmental authority can also perform the functions of the head.
The essence of the mechanism through which thethis kind of state system, like parliamentary democracy, consists in elections held in electoral districts. An example is the US Congress. In order for a representative representative of power - a congressman - to express the interests of an approximately equal number of voters, every decade there is a review of the boundaries of counties to recount the number of citizens eligible to vote.
Candidates for deputies are nominated in the mainparties that are carrying out before it a tremendous effort to identify the political moods of society, enlisting the support of various social groups. They organize public events, disseminate propaganda materials and become an integral part of civil society.
As a result of the vote of the voters, the deputiesThe parties that have passed into parliament form the so-called "factions". One of the political organizations that received the largest number of votes has the largest number of deputies. It is from this party that the ruling person is appointed - be it the prime minister or other relevant post, as well as members of the government. The ruling party pursues its policy in the state, and those that remain in the minority represent the parliamentary opposition.
Presidential democracy is an antipodeparliamentarism. The essence of such a state system is that all actions carried out by the government and parliament are under the control of the president. The head of state is elected by the citizens of the country. Some researchers believe that this type of power jeopardizes the idea of democratic values and can move to totalitarianism, as many decisions are made by the president, and the parliament has much less authority.
Parliamentary democracy as a form of governmentmodern state has a number of positive sides. First, it is openness and publicity. Every parliamentarian is responsible for his actions and words not only to his party, but also to those who elected him. The deputy's separation from the people is excluded, since his place is not fixed for him forever - meetings with the population, correspondence, reception of appeals and other means of interaction are obligatory. Secondly, the parliamentary type of democracy implies the existence of equal rights not only in the "ruling" party, but also among the opposition parties. Everyone has the right to express their opinion in debates and to make any drafts and proposals. The right of a minority to free will is protected.
Like any other political system,parliamentarism has a number of weaknesses. Often, political scientists, researchers carried out a comparison of this type of democracy with presidentialism. In relation to parliamentary democracy it has the characteristic shortcomings and weaknesses.
To date, there is a largethe number of different forms of power, from democratic and liberal to totalitarian regimes. A classic example of a country where parliamentary democracy operates is the United Kingdom. The head of the British government is the prime minister, and the royal house reigns, but does not take state decisions and acts as a symbol of the country. Two parties in the UK - conservatives and Laborites - are fighting for the right to form a government body.
Many other European states have chosen parliamentary democracy for themselves as a form of government. This Italy, the Netherlands, Germany, as well as many others.
If we talk about Russia, then, in the opinion ofpolitical scientists, today in our country there is such a form of government as presidentialism. However, some researchers believe that the Russian Federation is a state of a mixed type, where parliamentarism exists in conjunction with presidentialism, the latter dominating. Parliamentary democracy in Russia is expressed in the fact that the State Duma has the right to dissolve the parliament, but only on certain dates - within a year after the elections.
This kind of democracy is the subject of studypolitical scientists. Scientists write scientific articles and monographs on this topic. An example is the work of the national historian Andrei Borisovich Zubov "Parliamentary democracy and the political tradition of the East." The work is a study of democratic institutions in the eastern countries. He considers an example of specifically seven countries: Japan, Turkey, Lebanon, Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
