The Russian language is replete with many rules thatregulate the correct use and spelling of words. But besides this, a competent person should be able to incline various words. This topic usually raises many questions and doubts not only among schoolchildren, but also among adults. Especially difficult for most people is the declension of proper names, surnames, geographical names. We will talk about this today in our article.
Geographical Names Decline Submitscertain rules that you just need to know by heart. Otherwise, you will find a lot of funny cases that will characterize you from a not very good side in front of friends or colleagues.
Quite often, speaking about declinationgeographical names in the Russian language, we mean toponyms. This term refers to all geographic identifiers in general. This word came to us from the ancient Greek language, it was formed from two different words, meaning "place" and "name" in translation. Now many information sources use the word "toponyms".
Of course, in order to properly inclineplace names, you must not only know the rule, but also apply it to the place. Indeed, quite often even a person who considers himself literate doubts the spelling of one or another word. In this case, you will be helped by special dictionaries, by which you can check the declination of geographical names. Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich, for example, created a great helper for schoolchildren of all ages - the Dictionary of Difficulties of the Russian Language. This wonderful reference book can also be used by adults who want to increase the level of literacy.
Before diving into a topic called"The declination of geographical names," is to find out what are the toponyms. After all, this significantly changes the rules of their declension. At the moment, the following types of toponyms are distinguished in Russian:
The declination of place names that have Slavic roots is subject to a simple rule: the name is always consistent with the word applied to it. These words include:
In these cases, the toponym is put in declension.defining words. For example, you will always say "in the city of Samara" and "in the city of Moscow". Note that the defining word "city" almost always inclines the toponym following it. This also applies to exceptions. These include the following cases:
If we are talking about street names, hereits own rules for declaring geographical names. The toponym of feminine is always consistent with the designated word "street". Names of the masculine gender in this case do not lean, and compound toponyms obey a similar rule. As an example, the following combinations:
Toponyms in the form of an adjective most often lean: on the Yellow River, at Cape Verde, etc.
Об этом правиле взрослые люди почему-то довольно often overlooked. The annoying mistakes happen even among well-known TV hosts and journalists. To be a literate person, remember that Slavic toponyms of the neuter type do not lean in Russian. It will correctly say:
Strangely enough, but this simple rule always causes a lot of difficulties. Although there is nothing difficult in it, the main thing is to remember the correct spelling.
Geographic names declination with socommon terminology in Russian causes serious confusion. The fact is that the rules for inducing such toponyms have changed more than once in recent decades. Historically, geographical names with the endings "ov", "ev", "in", "yn" always bowed. For example, a house in Ostashkov or a cottage in Mogilev.
В начале двадцатого века появилась тенденция не incline similar place names. This was due to the succession of military operations, when, in order to avoid confusion in the reports, names were used only in the nominative case. The military sought to ensure that in the maps and various orders toponyms were identical. Over time, this approach has become the norm and even applied on television.
In recent years, journalism has begun to return to the original form of geographical name declension. But their use in the nominative case is also considered normal and correct.
The declination of place names consisting ofa few words, obeys a certain rule. If we are talking about a compound toponym, then its first part is always inclined, regardless of the presence or absence of a defining word. As an example, the following names:
There is one exception to this rule - the name of the city is Gus-Khrustalny. The first part of this compound toponym should not be inclined.
Great confusion is caused by the names in whichThe first part is average. According to the rules of the Russian language, it should be subject to mandatory declination, but in recent years there has been an increasing tendency towards the immutability of this part. Therefore, both versions of the spelling will be correct, for example: in Orekhovo-Zuyev and in Orekhovo-Zuyev.
When you do not know how to write the nameRepublic, then remember the rule, which we now talk. Names ending in "iya" and "eya" should be consistent with the word "republic". For example, "in the Republic of Korea" or "from the Republic of Macedonia". But this rule also has its pitfalls, as, indeed, in many rules of the Russian language.
Official documents exclude the possibilitydeclensions of similar names, although journalism applies the usual rule of the Russian language to them. The exception applies to the Federal Republic of Germany. By agreement between our countries, it was decided not to incline this name.
In all other cases, the name is inconsistent with the word "republic" and remains in the nominative case.
With foreign geographical names Russianman is quite difficult to handle. It's easier to remember which ones don't lean. So, the list of geographical names that are not subject to declination includes:
Only names that have an ending can be declined.on "a" and mastered in Russian. For example, in Verona and from Ankara. French names can only be declined if they have acquired the ending "a" in Russian sound.
If foreign-language geographical names end in "e", "s", "and", "o", then they refer to those who are indecipherable. There are many examples of this rule:
The exceptions are the names, which in Russian have a plural, formed from a foreign language word. For example, the right to write "in the Himalayas."
Many believe that the declension of geographical names and proper names have common rules. This is not entirely true. Of course, the rules have a lot in common, but in fact they are not identical.
Most often the correct declension of names and surnames,place names cause a lot of questions in the spring and summer, when graduates finish school and receive certificates. The spelling of toponyms and proper names in diplomas is quite common. To avoid these unpleasant moments will help knowledge of the rules of the Russian language. Let's look at the main points of the rule.
Declining standard surnames is pretty simple -they become intuitive in the right shape. But in the case when the surname was borrowed from a foreign language and ends in "ov", "in", then in the instrumental case it will have the ending "om". For example, the surname Green in the instrumental case will sound like Green.
Часто вопросы возникают со склонением женских family names with the ending "ina". In this case, it all depends on the nominative case of the male surname. For example, we have Andrei Zhemchuzhina. The name of his wife Julia will be inclined as a common noun. For example, things Julia Pearls. If the husband's name is Andrei Zhemchuzhin, then in this case we will talk about the things of Julia the Pearl.
Previously it was thought that the declination of the surname infirst affects the sex of the person. But in fact, the dominant factor here is the ending of the last name. It depends on him in the first place.
Do not lean names ending in:
Male surnames ending inconsonant letter. If the surname ends in “I” and there is also a vowel in front of it, then the surname must be declined. In the same case, with the ending "a", the surname refers to the unknowable.
Of course, the Russian language is not so simple.But if you remember a few of the rules that we have listed, you will never blush because of the incorrect spelling of place names and proper names.
