Russian language is one of the richest, most beautiful and complex. Last but not least this is the presence of a large number of means of verbal expressiveness.
In this article we will discuss what a language tool is and what types it is. Consider examples of use of fiction and everyday speech.
Language tools in Russian - what is it?
Means of speech expression are used inRussian language to give the text a special meaning, beauty and depth. They help to express the attitude of the author to the subject of discussion, to draw attention to the most expressive features of the subject, event or phenomenon.
Russian poetry and literature is impossibleimagine if we exclude the use of language means. The use of words that make the text expressive, not only decorate it, but also show the level of skill of the writer, his speech culture, style.
The description of the most ordinary subject can be made beautiful and unusual by using language artistic means.
Words and expressions that give the text expressiveness are conventionally divided into three groups: phonetic, lexical (they are also paths) and stylistic figures.
In order to answer the question of what a language means is, let's take a closer look at them.
Lexical means of expression
Paths - language means in Russian, which are used by the author in a figurative, allegorical meaning. Widely used in works of art.
Trails are used to create visual, auditory, olfactory images. They help to create a certain atmosphere, to produce the desired effect on the reader.
The basis of lexical means of expression is a hidden or explicit comparison. It can be based on external similarity, personal associations of the author or the desire to describe the object in a certain way.
Basic language tools: trails
We face the paths from school. Recall the most common ones:
- Epithet - the most famous and common trails.Often found in poetry. The epithet is a colorful, expressive definition that is based on hidden comparison. Emphasizes the features of the described object, its most expressive features. Examples: “rosy dawn”, “light character”, “golden hands”, “silver voice”.
- Comparison - a word or expression, based onwhich is the comparison of one subject with another. Most often it is made in the form of a comparative turnover. One can learn from the use of characteristic alliances for this method: as if, as if, as if, as, exactly what. Consider the examples: “transparent as dew”, “white as snow”, “straight like a reed”.
- Metaphor - a means of expression, based onwhich is hidden comparison. But, unlike the comparative turnover, it is not formalized by the unions. Metaphor is built, relying on the similarity of two objects of speech. For example: “onions of churches”, “whisper of grass”, “tears of the sky”.
- Synonyms - words similar in meaning, butdifferent in writing. In addition to the classical synonyms, there are contextual. They take a certain value within a specific text. Let's get acquainted with examples: “jump - jump”, “watch - see”.
- Antonyms - words that have the exact opposite meaning. Like synonyms, they are contextual. Example: “white - black”, “shout - whisper”, “calm - excitement”.
- Impersonation - transfer to an inanimate objectsigns characteristic of animate. For example: “the willow shook its branches”, “the sun brightly smiled”, “the rain pounded on the roofs”, “a radio receiver chirped in the kitchen”.
Are there other trails?
There are a lot of means of lexical expression in the Russian language. In addition to a group of friends to everyone, there are also those that are unknown to many, but are also widely used:
- Metonymy - replacing one word to another,having a similar or the same meaning. We will get acquainted with examples: “hey, blue jacket (appeal to a man in a blue jacket)”, “the whole class opposed (meaning all students of the class)”.
- Synecdoche is the transfer of comparison from part to whole, and vice versa. Example: “you could hear the Frenchman exultant (the author speaks about the French army)”, “the insect flew”, “there were a hundred heads in the herd”.
- Allegory - a striking comparison of ideas orconcepts using the artistic image. Most often found in fairy tales, fables and parables. For example, a fox symbolizes cunning, a hare - cowardice, a wolf - malice.
- Hyperbole is a deliberate exaggeration.Serves to make the text more expressive. Puts emphasis on a particular quality of the subject, person or phenomenon. Let's get acquainted with examples: “words destroy hope,” “his act is the highest evil,” “he has become more beautiful forty times.”
- Litota is a special understatement of real facts. For example: "he was thinner than a reed", "he was no higher than a thimble."
- Periphrasis - replacing words, expressions synonymousa combination. It is used to avoid lexical repetitions in one or adjacent sentences. Example: “fox is a cunning cheat”, “text is the brainchild of the author”.
Stylistic figures
Stylistic figures - language means in Russian, which give the speech a certain figurativeness, expressiveness. Change the emotional color of its values.
The figures of speech are widely used in poetry and prose since the time of ancient poets. However, the modern and outdated interpretations of the term differ.
In ancient Greece, stylisticthe figures are language means of the language, which in their form are significantly different from everyday speech. Now it is believed that the figures of speech - an integral part of the spoken language.
What are the stylistic shapes?
The style offers a lot of their own funds:
- Lexical repetitions (anaphora, epiphora,compositional junction) - expressive language means that include repeating any part of a sentence at the beginning, end, or at the junction with the following. For example: “It was a beautiful sound. It was the best voice I have heard in recent years. ”
- Antithesis - one or more sentences, built on the basis of opposition. For example, consider the phrase: "I dust in the dust - and I whiten in the sky."
- Graduation - use in the proposal of synonyms, located on the degree of increase or extinction of the trait. Example: “The sparkles on the New Year tree shone, burned, shone”.
- Oxymoron - the inclusion in the phrase of words that contradict each other in meaning, can not be used in one composition. The most vivid and famous example of this stylistic figure is “Dead Souls”.
- Inversion - changing the classical order of the words in a sentence. For example, not “he fled”, but “he fled”.
- Parcel - division of a single sentence within the meaning of a sentence into several parts. For example: “On the contrary, Nikolai. Looks without blinking.
- Multi-union - the use of unions to connect homogeneous members of a sentence. Used for greater speech expressiveness. Example: "It was a strange and amazing, and beautiful, and mysterious day."
- Non-union - the connection of homogeneous members in a sentence is carried out without unions. For example: "He rushed, shouted, cried, moaned."
Phonetic means of expressiveness
Phonetic means of expression - the smallest group. They include the repetition of certain sounds in order to create pictorial artistic images.
Most often, this technique is used in poetry. The authors use the repetition of sounds when they want to convey the sound of thunder, the rustling of leaves or other natural phenomena.
Phonetic tools also help to give poetry a certain character. Through the use of some combinations of sounds, the text can be made more rigid, or vice versa - soft.
What phonetic tools are there?
- Alliteration is a repetition in the text of the same consonants, creating the image necessary for the author. For example: “I used to catch fading shadows, fading shadows of a faded day”.
- Assonance - the repetition of certain vowel sounds in order to create a bright artistic image. For example: “Do I wander along noisy streets, enter into a crowded temple”.
- Onomatopoeia - the use of phonetic combinations that convey a certain sound effect: the hooves of the hoofs, the sound of waves, the rustling of leaves.
The use of speech means of expression
Language means in the Russian language are widely used and continue to be used in literary works, whether it is prose or poetry.
Прекрасное владение стилистическими фигурами demonstrate the writers of the golden age. Due to the masterful use of means of expression, their works are colorful, figurative, pleasing to the ear. No wonder they are considered the national treasure of Russia.
We are faced with language tools not onlyin fiction, but also in everyday life. Almost every person uses in his speech comparisons, metaphors, epithets. Without realizing it, we make our language beautiful and rich.
