Probably, if from our lexicon suddenlyAdjectives disappeared, people could still communicate. Other parts of speech would be enough to express primitive needs: you need something, I want it! But without the words with which we describe beauty and ugliness, love and sadness, weakness and power, the language as such, would not exist.
An adjective is a part of speech that describesvarious signs and answering the questions "what?", "whose?" (respectively, "what?", "whose?", etc.). The adjective tells about such properties of an object as color (white, green), smell or taste (floral, salty, spicy). With the help of adjectives characterize a person (kind, disgusting), quality of the material (brittle, hard). You can evaluate someone's activity (good, bad), talk about mental abilities (wise, stupid). In other words, only adjectives make our language precise and capacious, giving it many different shades.
A large section of grammar is devoted to the study of adjectives, their properties and features. Let us dwell only on one type of these parts of speech. Meet: adjectival adjectives!
Otemennyh formations are those that originated from the basis of the noun or adjective (not from the verb). There are regular verbs (supper), there are even odious prepositions (in view of, as a result, about). But there can be and adjectival adjectives. Examples of similar words formed on behalf of a noun: businesslike, garden, leaky, straw, ground, overcast, as well as many others. Let's talk about this in more detail.
The adjective adjectives are only a separate kindA large family of these parts of speech. Therefore, the characteristics applied to all adjectives, also apply to the former. So, by lexical meaning they can be attributed to the 3 rd groups: relative, possessive, qualitative.
Qualitative adjectives report various properties of objects, such as weight and size (small, light), color and appearance (white, full), age and nature (young, angry), etc. Relative adjectives also describe the attributes of nouns, but indirectly, in their relation to other subjects. As objects of such a relationship, material (paper, iron), a place (rural, urban), time (today's winter), action (cleaning, repair), the concept (mathematical), the number (double), etc. Possessive adjectives characterize belonging to someone, they answer the questions "whose?" ("whose?", "whose?", "whose?"). Examples of possessive adjectives: hare, father, fish.
As we see, in each group there are alsoadjective adjectives. Examples: possessive "wolf" from the noun "wolf", relative "straw" (from "straw"), qualitative "gold" (from "gold"). By the way, on the example of the word "golden", we see how one and the same word can be attributed to different types. In the combination of the "golden soul" this adjective appears as a qualitative, and in the expression "gold ring" - as relative.
Образование отыменных прилагательных происходит by adding to the roots noun prefixes, suffixes, endings. Prefixes (endpoints) and endings usually do not cause special questions, but suffixes should be discussed in more detail. The suffixes of the adjective are quite diverse. But in most cases the correct spelling is easy to remember. The suffixes "liv" and "chiv" can only contain "and": deceptive, conscientious. In the case of suffixes "willows" and "euchs", the spelling rule looks like this: in the stressed syllable is written "willow", in the unstressed syllable "eu" (whiny, but steering). The exception to the rule is the words "gracious" and "holy fool". Suffixes "ov", "ovat", "ovit" are written after solid consonants, with the exception of "ts". Examples: masterful, guilty, businesslike. After soft consonants, sibilants and "ts" variants of suffixes used, respectively, "ev", "evata", "evit": glovey, glossy, glossy. It makes sense to dwell on those cases when the spelling of the suffixes of the original adjectives raises many questions.
Why do we write "German", but "French"?Such questions are often puzzling. The fact is that in the first case there is a suffix "k", and in the second "ck". But how do you know when each of them is spelled? The spelling of the adjectival adjectives here is governed by the following rule. If the stem of the noun ends in "k", "q" or "h", then the suffix "k" should be used, while the letters "k" and "h" at the base of the word change to "q": weaver - weaver, fist - kulak, blacksmith - kuznetsky. The suffix "ck" is more often used in relative adjectives. Example: Prague - Prague (here at the root of the noun there is a change of "g" to "g"), sailor - sailor (here "c" at the root of the noun along withsuffix "ck" will double the letters. If the noun itself ends in “ck”, as it happens in a number of old Russian names (Omsk, Yeisk), the pronounced adjectives are formed without a suffix at all: Yeysk, Omsk.
It is interesting to write some otymennyh adjectives, formed from foreign geographic terms. We are writing Welsh (from Wales), omitting the letter "c" from the root, but adding the suffix "ck". " At the same time in the word Daugavpils (from Daugavpils), “c” from the root of the noun together with the suffix “ck” will give us a doubled “c” in the adjective. In the case of the adjective damask (from Damascus), the letter "k" at the end of the noun is lost, so it is written "ss".
What are these examples talking about? About the ambiguity of the language and about all sorts of exceptions. So, contrary to the rules, we write: Tajik, Uzbek (but not Tajik, Uzbek). These and other adjectives, the writing of which does not fall under the generally accepted rules, should simply be remembered.
The letter "n" in the adjective suffix raises the most questions. When should I use it alone, and when to double it?
Первое, что необходимо сделать – выделить корень nouns, from which described adjectives. The rule is simple: if this root does not end in "n", then in most cases there will be no doubling. Suburban (from country house) - in such words, even thoughts will not arise something to double. In the suffixes "an", "yang", "in" doubling will also not be: leather (leather), bee (bee), earthy (earth). True, there are a few words where this rule does not work: glass, wooden, tin.
Important! In a number of nouns with the end of the root “n”, the formation of the aboriginal possessive adjective occurs without a suffix at all. Examples: boar, pork, crow, deer etc. It is necessary to remember the presence of such words in order not to ask a seemingly logical question: "Why is only one“ n ”written in them?”
According to the accepted rules, the doubled "n" we write in the case of otymennyh adjectives, formed with the suffix "enn" or "onn". For example: cranberry, promotional, excursion. By the way, ordinary high-quality adjectives with the same suffix, emphasizing the highest degree of characteristics, also fall under the same rule: wide.
The doubling of "n" is also characteristic of those adjectives that evolved from nouns on "me": name, seed, banner, tribe. The result will look like this: nominal, tribal, seminal, (red) znamenny.
With two "n" should be written and those calledadjectives, the original noun for which had the letter “n” at the end of the root. Here, doubling occurs because the “n” of the suffix is added to the existing letter: valuable (price), long (length), instant (instant).
Russian language is not easy, and certain solutionsby no means always seem obvious. Therefore, it is worth recalling once again the need to single out the root of a noun: it is this that often contributes to the correct spelling of the original adjective. Why do we write swan, but old? Because in the first example we have the suffix "in", where there can be no doubling. In the second case, the "n" from the suffix is added to the "n" from the root of the noun "old", which gives us a doubling.
Probably, you can live without adjectives.But what language is this? Primitive, limited, devoid of accuracy and beauty. There will be no poetry, prose, or even signs of civilization. Therefore, the study of adjectives is extremely necessary and at the same time extremely interesting.
