A calendar is a system for calculating time, taking into account the consistent periodicity of natural phenomena. The emergence of the names of the months is closely related to the history of the formation of the calendar.
Name of the months in Ukrainian and Russianhas a different origin. If the formation of modern Russian names is connected with the borrowing of Latin names through the Old Slavonic language with phonetic changes associated with the fall of reduced vowels and the influence of analogies, then Ukrainian Slavic names associated with natural phenomena are used. Next will be discussed in detail the name of the months in the Ukrainian language and what they mean.
Another East Slavic language demonstratesdifferent from the Russian approach. In the modern Belarusian literary language there is such a system of the names of the months: studen, lyuty, sakavik, krasavik, May (traven), Cherven, Lipen, Harvest, Verasen, Castrychnik, Listapad, Snezhan.
The name of the months in the Ukrainian language has a semantic similarity with it: sichen, lutia, birch, quinten, weevil, chervil, lipien, serpeni, heather, zhovten, leaf fall, grud.
В отличие от русского, название месяцев на Ukrainian language for a long time did not have a single system. Old names were used in parallel with the new ones, and in the book language of the XIV-XV centuries. advantage still given the names of the old. Only at the end of the XVI century. a modern naming system began to take shape.
Sichen (January) originates in Proto-Slaviclanguage, when our ancestors dealt with logging (cutting, carving) of forests. Sections (clearing, cutting) were carried out mainly at that time, which approximately fell in the month of January. It is likely that the word sichen is etymologically related to the concept of a strong (secant) frost.
Lyuti (February) completes the sovereignty of winter.The modern Ukrainian name Lyutia corresponds to the common Slavic names of frosts in this month: angry and crackling, prickly and cruel, cruel. Since the lexeme Lyutia as the name of the month is not found in ancient Russian monuments, it can be assumed that it comes from the Old Ukrainian language. For a long time, February had the form of a lute, which is in dictionaries of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. fixed first along with the name lyuty. Lyuti is the only name of the adjective form from all modern month names.
March - the period of preparation of the healing drink -birch sap. In the old Russian language, the name of this month was called berezozol (birch seed, birch seed). Ukrainian language inherited it in the form of birch or birch. Researchers interpret the etymology of these names in different ways: some believe that they arose at the time of burning birch trees to clear areas for plowing, others explain the name's motivation as a phenomenon of nature, which obviously had great importance in the life of the people. This is the beginning of the development of birch trees. Ukrainian Dictionaries XIX - early XX century. contain various forms. B. Grinchenko in his dictionary entered the word berezil as the main register, because in the Ukrainian language of this period it was more commonly used than birch. E. Zhelehivsky as the main name gives birch. Similarly to the names sichen, kvten, the name birch formed, which is included in the Ukrainian system of the names of the months as the main one.
The name kvten is etymologically associated withthe onset of spring as the pores of flowering plants. So it is called from the XVI century. The name also had a phonetic doublet - color (from blossom) with an initial combination of colors, which is a historical correspondence of square. B. Grinchenko contributed to the dictionary both names: kv_ten and tsv_ten.
Etymologically, the name of the months in Ukrainianlanguage is associated with certain phenomena of nature. The modern Ukrainian name traven (May) is closely connected with the springtime of violent growth of herbs (this is what motivates it). In lexicographical sources up to the 40s of XX century. together with the word traven as equivalent, May is recorded.
The etymology of the month worm is differently explained(June). Some researchers point to the connection of the name with the phenomenon of nature: in June, there are many worms that give life to cochineal - a species of insect from the family of worms. So, the modern Ukrainian literary name is worm (the popular name for chert insects is cochineal). M. Kochergan adheres to a different opinion on the etymology of the word worm, indicating that the worm is the month of worms, the wormy month, therefore, the name is not based on the lexeme worm, but the worm is a common word for all worms.
Linden flowering time is directly related tomodern name Lipin (July). Along with this name, the Lipets doublet form was widely used in Ukrainian. As a result of comparing morphological designations of the names of other months (sichen, birch, quinten), the lexeme lipin at the beginning of the 20th century. consistently used not only in oral speech, but also in various calendars, and subsequently as the official Ukrainian name of the month.
Serpen - last month of summer. The name of the month was associated in antiquity with the period of harvesting and is derived directly from the name of a hand-held instrument for harvesting bread - sickle.
It is in the first month of autumn that bloomssquat bushy heather. The modern Ukrainian literary name Veres, undoubtedly, is derived from the national name of this evergreen plant.
The current name of the month is Zhovten (October)associated with the color of the leaves of most trees at this time of year. At the end of the second half of the XIX century. The shape of Zhovten was finally fixed in the Ukrainian language.
The modern name of the month is leaf fall (November)origin owes autumn shedding of leaves. In the dictionaries of the Ukrainian language of the late XIX - early XX century. the following forms of the month are fixed: leaf fall and carpal, leaf fall. In Ukrainian, as a result of the tendency to shorten a word, the name of leaf fall was formed.
Название грудень (декабрь) идёт с XII в.The first month of winter was also called jelly - from cold, cold. Gruden has a similar meaning, denoting frozen clumps of earth - piles that form on the roads and fields with the onset of the first frost. The official name of the last month of the year was only in the twentieth century. B. Grinchenko fixes the use of the word breast to refer to November. This is another vivid illustration of the volatility of the names of the months in the past.
Thus, the foregoing leads to the following conclusions.
For a long time, a single system of month names in the Ukrainian literary language did not exist: in parallel with the new, old names were used. The modern system was formed not earlier than the XVI century.
The name of the months in the Ukrainian language has a fairly transparent meaning and clear motivation. It is associated with certain phenomena of nature.
Eastern Slavs, like other Slavicpeoples, there were different systems of month names based on Latin. Russian literary language inherited Old Russian names - modified Latin-names, which also exist in oral Ukrainian and in dialects of the Ukrainian language.
In conclusion, we give the name of the months in the Ukrainian language in alphabetical order - this will facilitate the search for a translation.
birch heather breast Zhovten quarter lipin leaf fall lyutus sichen serpen grass cherven | March September December October April July November February January August May June |
Now you will not have difficulties with translation.
