At first glance, the plant world seems to be motionless.But when observing, you can be sure that this is not entirely true. The movement of plants is very slow. They grow, and this proves that they make certain growth movements. If the bean seed is planted in the soil, under favorable conditions it begins to grow, piercing the soil, bringing out the two cotyledons. Under the influence of heat and light, they begin to turn green and move up. After two months, the plant appears fruit.
To notice the movement, you can spendspecial video shooting. As a result, what is happening in a day can be observed in a few seconds. Growth movements of plants are accelerated hundreds of times: in the eyes of the shoots make their way through the soil, buds bloom in the trees, flower buds swell and blossom. In reality, bamboo grows very quickly - by 0.6 mm per minute. Some growth bodies of fungi possess an even greater growth rate. Dictiofor increases in size by 5 mm in just one minute. Lower plants have the greatest mobility - they are algae and fungi. For example, chlamydomonad (alga) can quickly with the help of flagella in the aquarium move to the side lit by the sun. Also, many zoospores are moving, which serve for reproduction (in algae and fungi). But back to the more complex plants. Flowering make various movements that are associated with the growth process. They are of two types - it is tropism and nastia.
Tropism is called a one-sided movement,that react to any irritating factors: light, chemicals, gravity. If the seedlings of barley or oats are placed on the windowsill, after a while they will all turn towards the street. Such a movement of plants to the light is called phototropism. Plants use solar energy better.
Many have a question:Why does the stem grow up and the root grows down? Such examples of plant movement are called geotropism. In this case, the stem and root react differently to gravity. The movement is directed in different directions. The stalk stretches upwards, in the opposite direction from the action of gravity - this is negative geotropism. The root behaves differently, it grows in the direction of gravity movements - this is positive geotropism. All tropisms are divided into positive and negative.
For example, pollen germinates in pollen grains.a tube. On a plant of its kind, growth proceeds directly and reaches the ovule, this phenomenon is called positive chemotropism. If pollen grain fell on a flower of a different kind, then the tube bends during growth, does not grow directly, this process prevents the fertilization of the egg. It becomes obvious that the substances secreted by the pestle on plants of their species cause positive chemotropism, and negative ones on alien species.
Now it’s clear that tropisms play a big role.in the process of plant movement. The great Englishman Charles Darwin began to study the causes of tropism first. It was he who established that irritation is perceived at the growth point, while bending is lower in the zones of cell extension. The scientist suggested that at the growth point, a substance appears that flows into the stretch zone, and there is a bend. Contemporaries of Darwin did not understand and did not accept this innovative idea of his. Only in the twentieth century did scientists experimentally prove the correctness of the discovery. It turned out that in the growth cones (in the stem and root) a certain hormone heteroauxin is formed, otherwise - beta-indolylacetic organic acid. Lighting affects the distribution of this substance. There is less heteroauxin on the shadow side, and more on the sunny side. The hormone speeds up the metabolism and therefore the shadow side tends to bend towards the side of lighting.
Get to know other features of the movementplants called nastia. These movements are associated with diffuse environmental influences. Nastia, in turn, can be positive and negative.
Dandelion inflorescences (baskets) in bright lightopen, and at dusk, in poor lighting - close. This process is called photonasty. For fragrant tobacco, the opposite is true: the flowers begin to open when the light decreases. A negative type of photonasty appears here.
With a decrease in air temperature, saffron flowersclose - this is a manifestation of thermonastia. Nastia is also basically uneven in growth. With strong growth of the upper sides of the petals, opening occurs, and if the lower ones have more strength, the flower closes.
In some species, the movement of parts of plants occurs faster than growth. For example, in acidic or bashful mimosa contractile movements occur.
Bashful mimosa grows in India.She instantly folds her leaves if touched. In our forests sour acid grows, they also call it rabbit cabbage. Back in 1871, Professor Batalin noticed the amazing properties of this plant. Once, returning from a forest walk, the scientist gathered a bunch of sour. When shaking along a cobblestone pavement (he was riding in a cab), the leaves of the plant formed. So the professor became interested in this phenomenon and a new property was discovered: under the influence of stimuli, the plant folds leaves.
In the evening, the leaves of the sour are also folded,moreover, in cloudy weather this happens earlier. In strong sunlight, the same reaction occurs, but the opening of the leaves after that is restored after about 40-50 minutes.
So how does the leaves of sour and bashfulmimosas make contractile movements? This mechanism is associated with the contractile protein, which comes into action when irritated. When proteins are reduced, the energy produced in the process of respiration is expended. It accumulates in the plant in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid). With irritation, ATP decomposes, the bond with contractile proteins breaks down, the energy enclosed in ATP is released. As a result of this process, the leaves are folded. Only after a certain time, ATP forms again, this is due to the process of respiration. And only then can the leaves open again.
We found out what movements plants make(mimosa and acid), responding to irritating factors. It is worth noting that the reduction occurs not only with changes in the environment, it is also associated with internal factors (breathing process). Oxygen collects leaves with the onset of darkness, but it begins to open them not at sunrise, but at night, when a sufficient amount of ATP accumulates in the cells and the connection with contractile proteins is restored.
The plant movement given in the example hasown features. Observation of acid in nature has brought some surprises. In a clearing with a mass of plants of this species, when all the plants had their leaves open, they came across specimens with closed leaves. As it turned out, these plants bloomed at that time (although in the summer the flowers have a plain appearance). When flowering, the sorrel spends many substances for the formation of flowers, it simply does not have enough energy to open the leaves.
If you compare animals and plants, it’s worthnote that their contractile movements are affected by the same reasons. There are similar reactions to the stimulus, with a latent period of irritation. For acid, it is 0.1 s. In mimosa, with prolonged irritation, it is 0.14 s.
Considering the movement of plants, it is worth notingthat there are instances that are capable of changing the tension of tissues when touched. The well-known mad cucumber in a mature state, with irritation, is able to spit seeds out. The turgor of the internal pericarp tissue increases unevenly with loss of water or with pressure, and the fetus immediately opens. A similar picture arises when the plant is touched by a touch. It is possible that infusion, but contractile movements predominate in infusions to a greater degree, but this is still being investigated by scientists.
Scientists generally classify plant movements as follows:
Locomotor movements and cytoplasmic movements are inherent in both plant and animal cells. The remaining types belong exclusively to plants.
The main movements of plants we examined. How do animals move and what are the differences between these processes in animals and plants?
All kinds of animals have the ability to movein space, unlike plants. This largely depends on the habitat. Organisms are able to move underground, on the surface, in water, in the air, and so on. Many have the ability to move in many ways similar to human ones. It all depends on various factors: the structure of the skeleton, the presence of limbs, their shape and much more. The movement of animals is divided into several types, the following are the main ones:
Каждое животное в своем движении преследует some goal is the search for food, a change of place, protection against attacks, reproduction and much more. The main property of any movement is the movement of the whole organism. In other words, the animal moves completely with the whole body. This is the main answer to the question of how plant movements differ from animal movements.
The vast majority of plants leadpinned existence. The root system is the necessary part for this, it is located motionless in a specific place. If the plant is separated from the root, it will simply die. Plants cannot move independently in space.
Many plants are able to make anycontractile movements, as described above. They are capable of opening petals, folding leaves when irritated, and even catching insects (flycatcher). But all these movements occur in a specific place where this plant grows.
The movements of plants differ in many respects from the movements of animals, but nevertheless they exist. Plant growth is a clear confirmation of this. The main differences between them are as follows:
Movement is life, everyone knows this statement. All living organisms on our planet are capable of movement, even if it has any differences.
