With the help of deduction, the truth is revealed as innatural sciences, and in everyday life. People use the ability to logically reason that in a general sense it is deduction in everyday life, at work, in games and other non-science related activities. Investigates these processes science logic. Deduction is based on the isolation from the general judgments of the particular by means of logically processed inferences. For a better understanding of the subject of discussion, it is necessary to understand what deduction is and explore all the points connected with it.
First you need to figure out what isinference. Logic regards this concept as a form of thinking in which from several messages (forms of judgments) a new judgment is born (that is, a conclusion or a conclusion).
For example:
So, the first and second judgment in this example isthis is the promise, and the third is the conclusion (conclusion). The incorrectness of one of the messages can lead to a false conclusion. If the messages are not related, the conclusion cannot be made.
Inference is divided into indirect and direct. The latter conclusion is made from one send. That is, they are transformed simple judgments.
In mediated inference, the analysis of several messages leads to the formation of a conclusion. Such conclusions are divided into three types: deductive, inductive and conclusions by analogy. Consider each one of them.
Inference based on deduction provides for a special case of a general rule.
For example:
In this example, the first message is a common one.as a rule, in the second - a particular case is included in the general rule and, as a result, on this basis a conclusion is made regarding this particular case. If all monkeys love bananas, and Lucy is one of them, she loves them too. The example clearly explains what deduction is. This movement from the larger to the lesser, from the general to the particular, in which the aspect of knowledge narrows, provoking a reliable conclusion.
The opposite of deductive is inductive inference, in which a general pattern is derived from some particular cases.
For example:
In this case, the first three sends are private.the cases summarized by the fourth under one class of objects, and the inference speaks of a general rule for all objects of this class. Unlike deduction, in inductive conclusions the argument goes from the smallest to the largest, from the particular to the general, therefore, the conclusions are not reliable, but probabilistic. After all, transferring special cases to a general group is fraught with errors, since in any cases there may be exceptions. The probabilistic nature of induction is, of course, a minus, but there is a huge plus in comparison with deduction. What is deduction? This is a judgment that works to narrow the knowledge, to specify it, to analyze and analyze known facts. Induction, on the contrary, leads to the expansion of knowledge, the creation of something new, the synthesis of new conclusions and judgments.
The following type of conclusions is based on an analogy, that is, the similarity of objects among themselves is evaluated. If objects are similar in any signs, their similarity in the others is allowed.
An example of conclusions by analogy can servetesting of large vessels in the basin, in which their properties are mentally transferred to the open waters of the seas and oceans. The same principle is followed when studying the properties of micromodels of bridges.
It should be remembered that the conclusions of the analogy, like inductions, are probabilistic.
Как уже говорилось в начале статьи, дедуктивное the conclusion can be made by any person in the process of life, and such conclusions affect many areas of life in addition to scientific. The deductive way of thinking is very useful for law enforcement, investigative and judicial officials (for the “Sherlock” of modern times).
Но чем бы человек ни занимался, дедукция always useful. In her professional activity, she will make the most rational and competent farsighted decisions, in her studies, to master the subject more quickly and more thoroughly, and in everyday life, it is better to build relationships with people and to understand others.
Many people nowadays tend to self-development and, as a rule, come to understand the importance of having high-quality deductive thinking. How to develop deduction?
The development of deduction can contribute to special games, as well as the introduction of a new way of thinking in everyday life. Basic tips on its development can be put together in the following blocks:
