Vocabulary is the sum total of all the words we use. A separate group in the vocabulary can be considered old words. There are many of them in Russian, and they belong to different historical epochs.
Since language is an integral partthe history of the people, and the words that are used in this language are historical value. Old words and their meaning can tell a lot about what events took place in the life of a people in a particular epoch and which of them had great significance. Ancient, or obsolete, words are not actively used in our time, but are present in the lexical stock of the people, recorded in dictionaries and reference books. Often they can be found in works of art.
For example, in the poem of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin we read the following passage:
"In the crowd of mighty sons,
With friends in the high grid
Vladimir the sun was feasting
The smaller daughter he gave out
For the prince of the brave Ruslan ".
Here is the word "Gridnitsa." Now it is not used, but in the era of Prince Vladimir, it meant a large room in which the prince, together with his warriors, organized festivals and feasts.
Ancient words and their designation are of various kinds. According to scientists, they are divided into two large groups.
Historisms are words that are not activelyused for the reason that they have fallen out of use of the concepts that they mean. For example, "caftan", "chain mail", armor ", etc. Archaisms are words that designate concepts familiar to us in other words. For example, lips - lips, lanites - cheeks, neck - neck.
In modern speech, as a rule, they do notare used. Clever words and their meanings, which are incomprehensible to many, are not typical of our everyday speech. But they do not disappear completely out of use. Historians and archaisms are used by writers in order to truthfully tell about the past of the people, with the help of these words they convey the flavor of the era. Historisms can truthfully tell us about what happened once in other eras in our homeland.
In contrast to historicisms, archaisms denote thosephenomena that we face in modern life. These are buzzwords, and their meanings do not differ from the meanings of words familiar to us, only they sound different. Archaisms are different. There are some that differ from ordinary words only in certain features in spelling and pronunciation. For example, hail and city, gold and gold, young - young. These are phonetic archaisms. In the 19th century there were many such words. This is a clob (club), store (curtain).
There is a group of archaisms with outdated suffixes,for example, a museum (museum), assistance (assistance), a fisherman (fisherman). Most often, we meet lexical archaisms, for example, an eye - an eye, a right hand - a right hand, a shuits - a left hand.
Like historicism, archaisms are used tocreate a special world in fiction. So, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin often used archaic vocabulary to impart pathos to his works. This is clearly seen in the example of the poem “The Prophet”.
Ancient Russia gave a lot to modern culture.But then there was a special lexical environment, some words from which were preserved in modern Russian. And some are not used at all. Old-fashioned obsolete Russian words from that era give us an idea of the origin of Eastern Slavic languages.
For example, the old curses. Some of them very accurately reflect the negative qualities of a person. Pustobreh is a talker, Ryuma is a crybaby, a thin forehead is a fool, a swagger is a disheveled man.
The meaning of old Russian words was sometimes differentfrom single-root meanings in modern language. We all know the words “sign” and “sign”, they mean fast movement in space. The old Russian word "sig" meant the smallest unit of time. One mig contained 160 sig. The largest dimension of the measurements was considered the “far distance”, which was equal to 1, 4 light years.
Ancient words and their meanings are discussed by scientists.Old names are coins that were used in ancient Russia. For the coins that appeared in the eighth and ninth century in Russia and were brought from the Arab Caliphate, the names "Kuna", "Nogata" and "slash" were used. Then the first Russian coins appeared - these are gold and silver coins.
Pre-Mongol period in Russia, 12-13 centuries,characterized by the development of architecture, which was then called architecture. Accordingly, a layer of vocabulary appeared, connected with the construction and erection of buildings. Some of the words that appeared then remained in the modern language, but the meaning of the old Russian words has changed in all this time.
The basis of the life of Russia in the 12th century was a fortresswhich then had the name "Detinets". A little later, in the 14th century, the term "Kremlin" appeared, which then also meant the city. The word "Kremlin" can be an example of how ancient, outdated Russian words are changing. If now the Kremlin is one, this is the residence of the head of state, then there were many kremlins.
In the 11th and 12th centuries, cities were built in Russia andfortress made of wood. But they could not resist the onslaught of the Mongol-Tatars. The Mongols, having come to conquer the land, simply swept away the wooden fortresses. The stone cities of Novgorod and Pskov survived. For the first time the word "Kremlin" appears in the Tver chronicle of 1317. Its synonym is the old word "kremnik". Then the Kremlin was built in Moscow, Tula and Kolomna.
Old words, discussion of which is not uncommonfound in scientific articles, often used by Russian writers in order to make the speech of their artistic work more expressive. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin in his article described the process of creating “Boris Godunov” in this way: “I tried to guess the language of that time”.
Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov also applied in histhe works of ancient words, and their meaning exactly corresponded to the realities of the time from which they were taken. Most of all the old words appear in his work “The Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich”. This, for example, "know", "oh you goy esi", Ali. " Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky also writes works in which there are many ancient words. These are “Dmitri the Impostor”, “Voevoda”, “Kozma Zakharich Minin-Sukhoruk”.
Archaisms remained popular in the literature of the 20th century. Recall the famous work of Ilf and Petrov "The Twelve Chairs". Here, the old words and their meanings have a special, humorous tone.
For example, in the description of visiting Ostap BenderIn the village of Vasyuki, the phrase “The One-Eyed did not take his single eye off the grandmaster's shoe” is used. Archaisms with Church Slavonic coloring are used in another episode: “Father Fedor. He wanted wealth. ”
Historisms and archaisms can significantly decoratefiction, but their inept use causes laughter. Old words, the discussion of which often becomes very lively, as a rule, cannot be used in everyday speech. If you start asking a passerby: “Why is your neck open in winter?”, He will not understand you (referring to the neck).
In the newspaper speech also found inappropriatethe use of historicism and archaisms. For example: "The headmaster welcomed young teachers who came to practice." The word "welcome" is synonymous with the word "welcomed." Sometimes schoolchildren insert archaisms into their writings and thus make the sentences not very clear and even ridiculous. For example: “Olya came running in tears and told Tatiana Ivanovna about her offense.” Therefore, if you want to use old words, their meaning, interpretation, their meaning should be absolutely clear to you.
Всем известно, что огромную популярность получили in our time, such genres as fantasy and fantasy. It turns out that in the works of the fantasy genre ancient words are widely used, and their meaning is not always clear to the modern reader.
Such concepts as "gonfalon" and "finger", the readercan understand But sometimes more complex words such as “Komon” and “Nasad” are found. I must say that publishers do not always approve of the excessive use of archaisms. But there are works in which the authors successfully find application to historicism and archaism. These are works from the “Slavic fantasy” series. For example, the novels of Maria Stepanova “The Valkyrie”, Tatiana Korostyshevskaya “The Mother of Four Winds”, Maria Semenova “The Wolfhound”, Denis Novozhilov “Triumphant Kingdom. The war for the throne.
