The Nogai Horde - this is how the Tatarmedieval state. It arose on the lands of the Golden Horde, which Aksak-Timur destroyed, in the first half of the 15th century. The Nogai Horde, whose history is closely connected with the development of such states as the Great Orda, the Kalmyk Horde, the states of Siberia, Astrakhan, Kazan, the Moscow principality, is a striking example of a medieval power that has experienced a flourishing and falling.
The prerequisites for the formation of the Nogai Horde weretransfer Tokhtamysh-khan of the nomadic Tatars of the Nogai ulus to the territory between the Urals and the Volga. Kara-bey headed the Horde, which left the Turks, passed to the Sakmar River, then to the White and Kama. After that, the Nogai Horde conquered the Bulgars, and then migrated to Kazanka, where the city of Kazan was founded. After the Horde occupied the land along the river Vyatka.
Leaders. Leadership over the peoples who formed the NogaiHorde, took Mangyt tribes, located in Khorezm. During the campaign to the Golden Horde, Aksak-Timur cooperated with them. Mangits were a large and strong Tatar tribe. They were mostly under the rule of Eden. When Aksak-Timur retreated from Eastern Europe, Idegay led his subjects to Khorezm. In 1420, Idegae died, and his people fell under the power of nomadic Uzbek khans. The tribes of the Mangits were headed by Vakkas-bey, who deserved the post of the Beklerbek from the Uzbek khans and participated in the military operations of Khan Abukhair.
After the death of Waqqas Bey, his receiver was unleashedstruggle against the power of Kazakh and Uzbek khans. Musa-bey, who headed the tribes of the Mangits, fought for independence and was able to achieve relaxation. With him, the Nogai Horde had a capital in the town of Saraichik.
The appearance of the Nogai Horde. The first mention of the state of the Nogae was discoveredin Russian sources dating back to the end of the XV century. Musa Bey was able to strengthen his positions so much that he began to make attempts to influence the Great Horde, Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberian Khanate. In alliance with Khan Ibak, he undertook a campaign against the Astrakhan Khanate, and at the end of the 15th century, after uniting with the Siberian Khan, he went to the Kazan Khanate. At that time, the strength of the Nogai state was so tangible that Alexander Kazimirovich, the Lithuanian prince, inclined them to the anti-Moscow coalition.
Later, the Nogai Horde acted as a united front withMoscow and the Crimea against the Great Horde. In 1502 in the lower reaches of the Volga, the Great Orda was defeated by the joint forces of Moscow, Kazan and the Crimea. As a result, the Astrakhan khanate fell into complete dependence on the Nogai Horde.
Nogai Horde: the development of statehood. The defeat of the Great Horde was an impulse for developmentNogai Horde. The population of the young state has increased, its borders have expanded, and the system of statehood has developed. The head of the Horde confessed to be. After him, the importance of nuradin. His duties included guarding the uluses from attacks. Kekovat was also prescribed. His sphere of interests included the eastern borders of the state. The sons of Bey carried the title of Murz. When he died, his eldest son took his place. During the war, batyrs were appointed - the commanders of the detachments. They became recognized brave, craftsmen and brave souls. There were in the Nogai Horde and ministers - Karachi - responsible for their areas.
The state religion in the Nogai Horde wasIslam. Servants - Abyz, Sufis, Shahekhs, Seites - performed Islamic rituals. They spoke in the Nogai Horde in the Tatar language, while using Arabic script for correspondence.
Mutual relations with the Moscow Principality. Under Ivan the Terrible with the help of bribery and cunningThe Nogai Horde was closed to other Tatar states. As a result, hostility and distrust flared between the Nogai Horde and the Crimea, Kazan and Siberia. In 1556 the Nogai Horde overtook the famine, and the Moscow Principality refused to help her. This greatly undermined the strength of the Nogai Horde, but the Tatars still remained on their lands. As the Nogai Horde weakened, Moscow mastered the Tatar lands, engaged in the construction of fortresses. The destruction of the Nogai Horde continued with the Cossacks in the 16th century and the Kalmyk Horde in the 17th century. By the beginning of the XVIII century, the last of its inhabitants were exterminated.
The history of the Nogai Horde closely intertwined with the history of modern Kazakhstan. Nogais and Kazakhs are people of one people.
