Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was the son of the firstthe Moscow ruler of the Romanov family Mikhail Fedorovich and his wife Evdokia Lukyanovna. He ascended the throne in 1645 after the death of his father. Throughout his life, Mikhail Fedorovich managed to make 10 children (Irina, Pelageya, Alexei, Anna, Marfa, Ivan, Sofia, Tatyana, Evdokia and Vasily). Despite the large genus, the nine heirs of the king died in childhood. By the time of Mikhail Fyodorovich's death, his only son, Alexei, was the sole successor to the throne.
Biography of Tsar Alexis Mikhailovich Romanovindicates that he was born in 1629. Up to the age of five he was cared for by the royal "mothers", and when he grew up, his boyar Boris Morozov took up his education. The king was given an excellent education: he knew the letter, knew several foreign languages, understood theology, philosophy and legislation. Having ascended to the Moscow throne at the age of 16, the young tsar independently read all the documents and petitions, personally composed and signed decrees. His education and broad outlook allowed Alexei Mikhailovich to achieve tangible successes in the government.
For 31 years the country was headed by Alexey MikhailovichRomanov (1645-1676). For his love of God and meekness, he was nicknamed the Tishayshim among the people. But it is difficult to name the period of the reign of the king calm. At that time, Russia was shaken by popular riots, political, economic and religious crises. The difficult situation inside the state was further exacerbated by the prolonged war with the neighboring Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. But how difficult the situation would be, Alexei Mikhailovich always managed to restore order and pacify the indignant people.
Very young began to reign on the Moscow throneAlexey Mikhailovich Romanov. Domestic and foreign policy at the beginning of his reign was concentrated in the hands of Boyar Morozov. With him, taxes were increased in the country, corruption and arbitrariness increased. The last straw of the patience of the indignant people was the introduction in 1646 of a tax on salt, which led to a rise in the price of many food products. Especially this reform hit the peasants and merchants pocket. The dissatisfaction of the people with the policy of Morozov and the inaction of Alexei Mikhailovich led to the Salt Revolt (1848), as a result of which the city of China was burnt, the houses of the most hated boyars were destroyed. The people managed to achieve their goal: Alexei Mikhailovich pushed the boyar Morozov away from power and sent him into exile.
After the Salt Riot, it became clear,that serious reforms are needed in the country. The internal policy of Alexei Mikhailovich in this period was aimed at strengthening the nobility and limiting the rights of the peasants. By 1649 the Collective Code was developed and put into effect - a collection of laws regulating various spheres of state life. In this document, for the first time, a division of law into branches has been outlined (state, criminal, family, civil).
Alexei Mikhailovich devoted much effort to strengtheningeconomy of the state. His policy was aimed at protecting the domestic market from foreign competitors. The king supported the construction of manufactories. In 1653, Torgoviy was adopted, and in 1667 - the Novotrade Charter. These documents limited foreign trade within the country and contributed to the development of the domestic economy.
The common people were not satisfied with the reforms thatconducted by Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov. The internal and foreign policy pursued by the tsar led to the need for a monetary reform in 1662: gold and silver coins could not cover all the commodity turnover in the country, so a decision was made to stamp copper pennies. Because of uncontrolled release of small cents in the country, strong inflation and a rise in the price of goods began. The people, angered by the activities of the sovereign, rose to the Copper Riot, which was brutally suppressed by the tsarist troops.
Popular unrest connected with discontentthe policy of Alexei Mikhailovich, repeatedly occurred during his reign. In 1670-1671 the peasant war broke out in the country, which was headed by Stepan Razin. Like most popular uprisings, she was strangled, and her leader was quartered.
Under Aleksei Mikhailovich, a conflict arose with the RussianThe Orthodox Church, which laid the foundation for its schism. The reason for this was the attempts of Patriarch Nikon to subordinate secular spiritual power. The activity of the cleric led to the fact that in 1666 he was deprived of his rank and sent to the Ferapont Belozersky Monastery, but this did not save the Church from further division.
The Russian state has significantly expanded inhis borders, when the tsar became Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov. Internal and foreign policy under him were closely intertwined, since he waged wars with neighboring states, and this caused a shortage of money and discontent among the masses. The result of a long war with the Commonwealth was the reunification in 1554 of Russia with Ukraine, as well as the annexation of Chernigov, Smolensk and other Russian cities. In 1556-1558, Alexei Mikhailovich fought with the Swedes for access to the Baltic Sea, but the outcome of this confrontation was not so brilliant as in the south-west direction. Also during the reign of the second tsar from the Romanov dynasty, Russia succeeded in annexing part of Siberia and the Far East.
During his life, Alexei Mikhailovich was twice married(for the first time on Maria Miloslavskaya, in the second - on Natalia Naryshkina). From two wives he had 16 children, five of whom died in childhood. None of the king's daughters were destined to marry, and three of his sons (Fedor, Ivan and Peter I) subsequently alternately headed the Russian throne. In 1676, shortly before 47, Alexei Romanov died. Domestic and foreign policy of the tsar was continued by his sons, thanks to which the Russian state became even stronger and more powerful.
