In the course of studying morphology, schoolchildren go through the topic "Suffixes of real and passive participles." In the subtleties and features of this group we will understand in more detail.
What is this interesting phenomenon?Till today disputes of linguists do not cease. Opinions were divided: some consider the sacrament as an independent part of speech, since it has a number of its own characteristics. Others believe that this is just a verb form. If you look at the history of its occurrence, you can learn that it was formed from the verb. True, outwardly it is more like an adjective. Yes, and some functions it borrowed from him: both of them answer one question (which one?), And their syntactic role is the same (definition). Therefore, scientists argue and can not come to a single solution.
Various educational and methodical complexes,who teach Russian at school, also have different approaches to this situation. For example, M.M. Razumovskaya refers the participle to the verbal form, and V.V. Babaytseva to the independent part of speech. But in this and in another textbook it is said that it is still not clear which category it should be attributed to.
Before considering the suffixes of valid andpassive participles, it is necessary to know that this part of speech can be divided into two large groups by meaning. The first is called valid. They received such a name due to their purpose: to name the signs of such objects that themselves perform the action.
Consider an example: "The wind blowing from the sea went berserk."
As we can see, the wind blew by itself from the sea, without resorting to any help and being exposed to any influence. Such forms are called valid.
Another example: "The dog guarding the house was a large breed."
The object in this sentence protects the house, that is, performs the action independently. Thus, the sacrament "guarded" refers to the category of valid.
The next group, which has a slightly different purpose, is the discharge of passive participles. They are so named because they do not perform the action, but are subjected to it.
Consider the following example: “Parents who were called to school by a teacher were concerned.”
В данном предложении мы видим причастие "Caused". It is derived from the verb "call." Make sure that the parents themselves did not make the decision to come to school, but at the request of the teacher. We see that the action is not made by them, it is performed on them. Therefore, such a sacrament is attributed to the suffering. That is, the parents seem to be “suffering”, experiencing the effects of someone else.
Now that we have understood the subtleties of this morphological group, we can move on to the main topic. Each of the categories will have its own peculiarities of word formation.
Suffixes of real and passive participleswill vary with time. Thus, in the present tense, the following are distinguished: —usch and —yush, as well as —asch and -ch. Example: rebellious, singing, holding, talking. As you can see, they all refer to the real. In the passive, they are different: th, -im, -em. Example: driven, persecuted, condemned.
In the real participle of the present time, all suffixes have spelling features.
If you do not know the rules, many questions arise.For example, how to write: struggling or struggling? This will help us verb, from which this word is formed - to fight. We define its conjugation. Since its base ends in ––, this is 1 conjugation. Now we need to use the following rule: if the word refers to 1 conjugation, we write –ush or –yush. If the second - then-yr or-p. Thus, we found out that in the word “struggling” it is necessary to write –yush. The main thing is to know how to identify conjugation in verbs.
It helps to better memorize suffixes of real and passive participles table. And besides, you can always turn to her if the rule suddenly flies out of your head.
Now, having considered the features of the formation of thisparts of speech in the present tense, we can proceed to the next stage. It is worth remembering that the participles can not be used in the future tense, so we will continue to talk about the past. This feature they borrowed from the verb.
In the past tense, the suffixes –Vsh and –sh are distinguished from actual participles. For example: melted, sprouted.
But the passive have more: -nn, -enn, -t. For example: seeded, attached, impaled.
And again we will be helped to remember the suffixes of real and passive participles table.
With the first discharge everything is clear, no difficultiesdoes not arise, but with the suffering more difficult. In some words, it is not always clear which suffix should be highlighted: -nn or -nn. Consider the word "offended" It would seem that by highlighting the suffix -enn, we will not make mistakes. But it is not. According to the rule, if the verb that formed the participle ends in –at, –at, –e, then we select the suffix –nn.
In this example, the basis of the verb “offend” ends in –eet, so we define the suffix –nn in participle.
Take another example: "dressed up." Again, we recall the rule: if the verb ends in –bit, –ti or –ch, then in this case we use only the suffix –enn.
We also act in the words "baked" (bake), "brought" (bring), "asked" (ask).
At the lessons of the Russian language special attention teachergives to how and when the suffixes of real and passive participles are used. Exercises on this topic will help to more fully understand it.
First you need to give a list of verbs and ask the children to determine their conjugation. Then it is necessary to give the task to form from them the sacrament of different ranks and times.
For example:
Next, you can invite students to write their own text using the participles, while determining their discharge and time.
