Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - Worldwidefamous German philosopher. His fundamental achievement was the development of the theory of so-called absolute idealism. In it, he managed to overcome such dualisms as consciousness and nature, subject and object. Georg Hegel, whose philosophy of the Spirit has united many concepts, and today remains an outstanding figure, inspiring all new generations of thinkers. In this article we will briefly review his biography and main ideas. Special attention will be paid to the philosophy of the Absolute Spirit, ontology, gnoseology and dialectics.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was from childhoodvery inquisitive child. Such people are called “Pochems”. He was born in the family of an influential official. His father was strict and loved in all order. Nothing in the surrounding nature and human relations left him indifferent. Even in early childhood, Georg Hegel read out books about the culture of the ancient Greeks. As you know, they were the first philosophers. It is believed that it was precisely this passion that prompted Hegel to his future professional activity. He graduated from a Latin gymnasium in his native Stuttgart. In addition to reading, there were few other activities in the life of the philosopher. Georg Hegel spent most of his time in various libraries. He was an excellent specialist in the field of political philosophy, followed the events of the French bourgeois revolution, but he did not take part in the public life of the country. Hegel George graduated from the Theological University. After that, he was engaged exclusively in teaching and his research. Since the beginning of his career, he was greatly helped by Schelling, with whom they were friends. But then they quarreled on the basis of their philosophical views. Schelling even claimed that Hegel appropriated his ideas. However, the story put everything in its place.
During his life, Hegel wrote many works.The most prominent of them are "Science of Logic", "Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences" and "Fundamentals of the Philosophy of Law". Hegel considered any transcendentalism inconsistent, because it breaks such dual categories as “thing” and “idea”, “world” and “consciousness”. Perception is primary. The world is its derivative. Any transcendentalism results from the fact that there are pure possibilities of experience, which are superimposed on the world to obtain universal experience. This is the way Hegelian “absolute idealism” appears. Spirit as the only reality is not a frozen first material. The whole philosophy of Hegel can be reduced to substantive discourse. According to Hegel, the Spirit is cyclical, it overcomes itself every time in a double negation. Its main characteristic is self-promotion. It is arranged as a subjective thought. The philosophical system is built on the basis of the triad: thesis, antithesis and synthesis. On the one hand, the latter makes it strictly and clearly. On the other - allows you to show the progressive development of the world.
The theme of the Spirit developed within the framework of a broad tradition andoriginates from Plato and Emanuel Kant. Georg Hegel also recognized the influence of Proclus, Eckhart, Leibniz, Böhme, Rousseau. All these scholars are distinguished from materialists by the fact that they viewed freedom and self-determination as things that have important ontological consequences for the soul, mind, and divinity. Many followers of Hegel call his philosophy a kind of absolute idealism. The Hegelian concept of the Spirit is defined as an attempt to find the place of the divine essence in everyday life. To prove their argument, these followers quote from an eminent German philosopher. From them, they conclude that the world is identical with the absolute idea (the so-called Spirit). However, in fact, these statements are far from the truth. Georg Friedrich Hegel, whose philosophy is actually much more complicated, means by Spirit not laws, but facts and theories that exist separately from consciousness. Their existence does not depend on whether they are known to man. In this the Hegelian absolute idea is similar to Newton's second law. It is only a scheme that facilitates the understanding of the world.
In the Science of Logic, the German philosopher identifies the following types of being:
Georg Hegel, whose philosophy is oftenconsidered in university courses immediately after Kant, although he experienced the influence of his ideas, but many of them did not accept. In particular, he fought his agnosticism. For Kant, antinomies cannot be resolved, and this conclusion is the end of the theory. There is no further development. However, Georg Hegel finds in the problems and hindrances the engine of rational knowledge. For example, we can not confirm that the Universe is infinite. For Kant, this is an unresolved paradox. It goes beyond the verge of experience, therefore it cannot be comprehended and rational. Hegel George believes that this situation is the key to finding a new category. For example, endless progress. Hegel's epistemology is built on contradiction, not on experience. The latter is not a criterion of truth, as in Kant.
Немецкий философ Георг Гегель противопоставлял your teaching to everyone else. He did not try to find the root causes of the phenomena or their resolution in the final result. Simple categories are transformed into complex ones. The truth is in contradiction between them. In this he is close to Plato. The latter called the dialectic art of dispute. However, Georg Friedrich Hegel went even further. There are no two debaters in his philosophy, but only two concepts. An attempt to combine them leads to the disintegration, from which a new category is formed. All this contradicts the third law of Aristotle's logic. Hegel succeeds in finding in contradiction an eternal impulse for the movement of thought along the road laid by an absolute idea.
Many criticize Hegel for not knowing him.conclusions about nature. However, he never claimed it. Hegel revealed interrelations through contradictions and tried to organize knowledge in this way. He did not claim to discover new truths. Many see in Hegel the founding father of the theory of the development of consciousness. Although his work “The Science of Logic” does not at all describe the existence of a certain absolute reason, which is the root cause of the existence of everything. Categories do not generate nature. Therefore, we can say that Marx and Engels turned Hegel's dialectic upside down. It was profitable for them to write that the idea was embodied in history. In fact, the absolute spirit according to Hegel is only the accumulated knowledge of mankind about the world.
The name of Hegel is closely related to us today withanother philosophical system. This is because Marx and Engels relied heavily on Hegel, although they interpreted his ideas in the way that was beneficial to them. Representatives from the Frankfurt School were even more radical thinkers. The basis of their concept, they put the inevitability of man-made disasters. In their opinion, mass culture requires the complexity of information technology, which will necessarily lead to problems in the future. It is safe to say that the dialectical materialism of the Marxists and the Frankfurt School is increasingly becoming a thing of the past. And the ideas of Hegel are now experiencing a new birth.
The doctrine of the German philosopher includes three parts:
Hegel argued that religion and philosophyare identical. Only the form of submission of information is different. Hegel considered his system as the crown of the development of philosophy. The merit of Hegel is the establishment in philosophy and in the general consciousness of true and fruitful concepts: process, development, history. He proves that there is nothing separate, not related to everything. This is the process. As for history and development, they are explained more clearly in Hegel. It is impossible to understand the phenomenon without understanding the entire path it has accomplished. And an important role in its disclosure is played by the contradiction, which allows the development to take place not in a vicious circle, but progressively - from lower forms to higher ones. A great contribution was made by Hegel to the development of the method of science, that is, the totality of artificial methods invented by man and independent of the object of study. The philosopher has shown in his system that knowledge is a historical process. Therefore, the truth for him can not be a ready-made result. It constantly develops and unfolds in contradiction.
