Даже современные ученые не могут с точностью say what was in the universe before the big bang. There are several hypotheses that lift the veil of secrecy over one of the most complex issues of the universe.
Until the XX century, there were only two theories.origin of the universe. Proponents of the religious point of view believed that the world was created by God. Scientists, on the contrary, refused to recognize the workmanship of the universe. Physicists and astronomers were supporters of the idea that space has always existed, the world was static and everything will remain the same as billions of years ago.
However, accelerated scientific progress at the turncenturies has led to the fact that researchers have the opportunity to explore extraterrestrial spaces. Some of them were the first to try to answer the question of what was in the Universe before the Big Bang.
XX century destroyed many theories of past eras.New hypotheses appeared on the vacant space, explaining hitherto incomprehensible secrets. It all started with the fact that scientists have established the fact of expansion of the universe. This was done by Edwin Hubble. He found that distant galaxies differ in their light from those cosmic clusters that were closer to Earth. The discovery of this pattern formed the basis of the law of the extension of Edwin Hubble.
The Big Bang and the origin of the universe werestudied, when it became clear that all galaxies "run away" from the observer, at whatever point he might be. How could this be explained? Once the galaxies are moving, it means that some energy is pushing them forward. In addition, physicists have calculated that all the worlds were once located at one point. Because of some push, they began to move in all directions with unimaginable speed.
This phenomenon and received the name "Big Bang".And the origin of the universe was explained precisely with the help of a theory about this long-standing event. When did it happen? Physicists have determined the speed of the galaxies and derived a formula by which they calculated when the initial "push" occurred. Nobody will call exact figures, but approximately this phenomenon took place about 15 billion years ago.
The fact that all galaxies are sourceslight, means that a huge amount of energy was released during the Big Bang. It was she who generated the very brightness that worlds lose in the course of their distance from the epicenter of the incident. The Big Bang Theory was first proven by American astronomers Robert Wilson and Arno Penzias. They discovered electromagnetic background radiation, the temperature of which was equal to three degrees on the Kelvin scale (i.e. -270 centigrade). This finding confirmed the idea that at first the universe was extremely hot.
Теория Большого взрыва ответила на многие questions formulated in the XIX century. However, now there are new ones. For example, what happened in the universe before the Big Bang? Why is it so homogeneous, while with such a huge release of energy, the substance must scatter in all directions unevenly? The discoveries of Wilson and Arnaud cast doubt on the classical Euclidean geometry, since it was proved that the space has zero curvature.
New questions posed showed thatThe modern theory of the origin of the world is fragmentary and incomplete. However, for a long time it seemed that it would be impossible to move further than what was discovered in the 60s. And only very recent studies of scientists allowed to formulate a new important principle for theoretical physics. This was the phenomenon of ultrafast inflationary expansion of the universe. It was studied and described using quantum field theory and Einstein's general theory of relativity.
So what was in the universe before the big bang?Modern science calls this period "inflation." At the beginning there was only a field that filled the entire imaginary space. It can be compared with a snowball, launched down the slope of a snowy mountain. Com will roll down and grow in size. In the same way, the field, due to random fluctuations over an unimaginable time, changed its structure.
When a homogeneous configuration was formed,there was a reaction. In it are the biggest mysteries of the universe. What happened before the Big Bang? Inflationary field, which is not at all like the current matter. After the reaction began the growth of the universe. If we continue the analogy with a snowball, then after the first of them other snowballs rolled down, also increasing in size. The moment of the Big Bang in this system can be compared with the second when a huge lump fell into the abyss and finally collided with the ground. At that instant, a tremendous amount of energy was released. It can not dry out so far. It is due to the continuation of the reaction from the explosion that our Universe is growing today.
Now the universe consists of unimaginablethe number of stars and other cosmic bodies. This set of matter exudes enormous energy, which contradicts the physical law of conservation of energy. What is it about? The essence of this principle comes down to the fact that for infinite time the sum of energy in the system remains unchanged. But how can this be combined with our universe, which continues to expand?
Inflationary theory was able to respond to this.question. Such riddles of the Universe are rarely solved. What happened before the Big Bang? Inflationary field. After the emergence of the world in its place came familiar to us matter. However, besides it, there is also a gravitational field in the Universe, which has negative energy. The properties of these two entities are opposite. Thus, the energy emitted from particles, stars, planets and other matter is compensated. This relationship also explains why the universe has not yet turned into a black hole.
When the Big Bang just happened, the world wastoo small for something to collapse in it. Now, when the Universe expanded, local black holes appeared on its separate parts. Their gravitational field absorbs everything around. Even the light cannot get out of it. Actually because of this, these holes become black.
Даже несмотря на теоретическое обоснование inflationary theory, it is still unclear how the universe looked like before the Big Bang. The human imagination cannot imagine this picture. The fact is that the inflationary field is non-material. It defies explanation by the usual laws of physics.
Когда произошел Большой взрыв, инфляционное поле began to expand at a pace that exceeded the speed of light. According to physical indicators, there is nothing material in the Universe that could move faster than this indicator. Light travels through the world with extreme numbers. The inflationary field has spread with even greater speed, precisely because of its intangible nature.
The size of the universe before the Big Bang wasmicroscopic. To measure its current size, mathematicians have to build numbers to enormous degrees. According to the general theory of relativity, an observer who is inside the material world cannot see what is happening outside of it. This rule also applies to what happened before the Big Bang in the Universe. Photos in textbooks on astronomy can depict only the fiction of artists.
The universe has expanded so much that even the light is notmanages to get to its most distant corners. At the same time, the inflationary field outside the world continues to exist, although it is inaccessible to a person living in the material world. The increasing universe cools as it grows. The radiation temperature drops, due to the fact that the wavelength becomes longer, which means that more energy must be spent on it.
The state of the universe before the Big Bang washomogeneous. But when it began to expand, new elements and particles appeared in it. These are quarks, neutrons, protons, electrons and photons. There are also antiparticles, the number of which cannot be equal to the number of ordinary particles. If this identity had taken place, then the whole Universe would have been destroyed by itself.
Природа сделала все необходимое для того, чтобы the number of particles was slightly larger than the number of antiparticles. Due to this relationship the material world exists. Relic radiation, which continues to spread across the expanses of the Universe, arose as a result of the mutual destruction of certain particles and antiparticles. In the scientific lexicon, this process is called annihilation. Over time, the energy of the background radiation decreases. Now it is about ten thousand times less than that of elementary massive particles.
When the age of the universe reached one minute,neutrons and protons began to unite into helium, tritium and deuterium. These were the first substances that appeared in the material world. The synthesis process was due to nuclear reactions. In the 20th century, physicists studied this phenomenon and even learned to tame it. Since a tremendous amount of energy is released during a nuclear reaction, mankind has adapted this process for its economic needs. Appeared nuclear power plants. Today they energize thousands of cities.
Ядерная реакция также была использована в as a weapon. At the end of World War II, Americans dropped atomic bombs on Japan for the first time. The deadliness of the strike was just a huge release of energy. But the indicators recorded in Hiroshima are negligible compared with the processes that took place in the first minutes of the existence of the material world.
Благодаря тому, что современные ученые уже много aware of the nuclear reaction used in economics and in war, the researchers were able to restore an approximate picture of what the Universe was before the Big Bang. With the help of mathematical calculations it was calculated how many elements and what appeared in the first minutes after the start of the reaction in the inflation field.
Another fact is surprising.All the calculations of scientists, based on modern indicators of nature, were exactly applicable to the model of the appearance of the Universe. This "coincidence" suggests that the laws of physics began to act immediately after the appearance of the material world. Since then, all immutable formulas have never changed. They act now. So, for example, can be said about Einstein's theory of relativity. The indisputability of laws facilitates the work of scientists trying to understand what happened before the Big Bang in the Universe.
With the help of the Big Bang theory, scientists succeededexplain the occurrence of galaxies. When the world first appeared, all the distances inside it rapidly became larger. However, in some places this process took on special forms. This was due to the fact that in different spatial points the energy density had excellent performance.
Because of this, in some areas of one largeUniverse has accumulated more particles. This process was described in detail by American scientists of the 20th century. In popular science form, the theory was explained in the film series “Universe before the Big Bang. In the footsteps of mystery.
В участках с большей плотностью энергии заметно temperature fluctuated. This phenomenon was a sign of compression of matter by a gravitational field. The inflationary period spawned areas with greater density. After the emergence of the universe, the gravitational field affected these areas with increased intensity. It was here that galaxies originated - clusters of stars around which planets formed. Our Earth fully fits into this system. It revolves around its own star (the Sun) and enters the Milky Way galaxy.
Текущий период эволюции Вселенной как нельзя better suited for the existence of life. Scientists find it difficult to determine how long this time period will last. But if anyone took up such calculations, the resulting figures were no less than hundreds of billions of years. For a single human life, such a segment is so large that even in mathematical terms, it has to be written using degrees. The present has been studied much better than the prehistory of the universe. What happened before the Big Bang, in any case, will remain only the subject of theoretical research and bold calculations.
In the material world, even time remains the magnituderelative. For example, quasars (a type of astronomical objects) that exist at a distance of 14 billion light years from the Earth, lag behind our usual “now” by those same 14 billion light years. This time gap is enormous. It is difficult to define it even mathematically, not to mention the fact that it is simply impossible to clearly imagine such a thing with the help of human imagination (even the most ardent).
Modern science can theoretically explainimagine the whole life of our material world, starting with the first few seconds of its existence, when the Big Bang just happened. The full history of the universe is supplemented so far. Astronomers discover new amazing facts with the help of modernized and improved research equipment (telescopes, laboratories, etc.).
However, there are still not understood phenomena.Such a white spot, for example, is dark matter and its dark energy. The essence of this hidden mass continues to excite the consciousness of the most educated and advanced physicists of our time. In addition, there was no single point of view on the reasons why there are more particles in the Universe than antiparticles. On this occasion, several fundamental theories were formulated. Some of these models are the most popular, but none of them has yet been accepted by the international scientific community as an indisputable truth.
On the scale of universal knowledge and colossaldiscoveries of the XX century, these gaps seem to be very small. But the history of science with enviable regularity shows that the explanation of such "small" facts and phenomena becomes the basis for the whole idea of humanity about discipline as a whole (in this case, this is astronomy). Therefore, future generations of scientists will certainly have something to do and what to discover in the field of knowledge of the nature of the Universe.
