Man - a great master of building castles in the airon the sand. However, practice shows: it’s far from Mother Nature. The master of God is capable of so deceiving our senses that it captures the spirit! But no matter how magically the optical phenomena look, the examples of which we will consider, they are not a phantasmagoria, but the result of a flow of physical processes. In the inhomogeneous atmosphere of the Earth, rays of light bend, causing a host of illusions. But is it possible to imagine a world without dreams and visions? He would be so gray ...
Speaking of optical phenomena, light and formwhich is observed by more than one generation of people, we emphasize that colors appear in the atmosphere due to the fact that white light during the interaction with materials in the atmosphere is divided into its component parts (spectrum). This interaction is carried out using one of three main forms: reflection, refraction (refraction) and diffraction.
Если уж речь зашла о спектре, подумайте о том, how to teach your child to remember the totality of color bands resulting from the passage of a light beam through a refractive medium. A simple phrase will help: “Every (red) hunter (orange) wants (yellow) to know (green) where (blue) pheasant (blue) sits (purple).”
The reflection of light is the occurrence of secondarywaves propagating from the boundary of two media back to the first Wednesday. Refraction - the refraction of rays on the border of two media. Diffraction - the bending of light particles of solid particles, liquid droplets, as well as other materials present in the atmosphere. All this is the reason for the “optical optical illusion” flourishing in the Universe. There are many examples: ranging from the blue of the sky, mirages and rainbows to false suns and solar pillars.
Optical phenomena in physics are an important section,worthy of deep study. So let's continue. Reflection occurs when the light rays fall on a smooth surface and return at an angle equal to the incoming. This phenomenon explains the origin of color: some parts of white are more easily absorbed and reflected than others. For example, an object that appears to have a green color seems so because it absorbs all the wavelengths of white light, with the exception of green, which is reflected.
One form - internal reflection - oftenpresent in the explanation of optical phenomena. Light enters a transparent physical body (material), for example a drop of water, through the external surface and shines from the inside. Then, the second time - from the material. The color of the rainbow can be partially explained in terms of internal reflection.
Rainbow is an optical phenomenon that happenswhen sunlight and rain combine in a specific way. The rays of sunlight are divided into the colors that we see in the rainbow when they enter the raindrops. This happens when the beam falls on the “rains” directed toward the Earth at a certain angle, the colors separate (white light decomposes into a spectrum), and we see a bright, festive rainbow resembling a giant semicircular bridge.
It seems that the diversity of curved bands hangsright above your head. The radiating source will always be behind us: you cannot see a clear sun and beauty-rainbow right away (unless you use a mirror for this purpose). The phenomenon is not alien to the moon. When the moonlit night is bright, you can see a rainbow "fan" and near Selena.
When almost nothing is seen around, they work.The most sensitive to light of the photoreceptors of the human eye - "sticks". They are sensitive to the emerald-green part of the spectrum; they do not see other colors. As a result, the rainbow looks whitish. When the lighting is enhanced, the “cones” are connected, thanks to these nerve endings the arc looks more colorful.
From Earth, we see only a portion of the circumference.primary rainbow. The light undergoes one reflection. In the mountains you can see a round rainbow. Did you know that there are two “beauties” and even three? The rainbow that hovers over the rainbow is less bright and “inverted” (after all, this is the reflection of the first). The third happens where the air is crystal clear and transparent (for example, in the mountains). This is with regard to the usual spectacle.
Mirage - an optical phenomenon that is not trivialwill call. In Russia, it is relatively rare. Each time, uttering a magic word, we remember the legend of the ghost ship "The Flying Dutchman." According to legends, for the crimes of the captain, he will plow through the ocean up to the second coming.
And here is another Dutchman.The Ripals cruiser, which sank in December 1941 off the coast of Ceylon, became volatile. He was seen "very close" by the crew of the British vessel "Vendor", who was in the area of the Maldives. In fact, the ships separated 900 kilometers!
Flying Dutchman and others - opticalphenomena, examples from the cohort of the amazing mirages of "Fata-Morgan" (named after the heroine of the British epic). An unusual optical phenomenon is a combination of several forms. A complex, rapidly changing image forms in the sky. Looking at the views of what is far beyond the horizon, it seems you can go crazy, they are so "tangible."
Atmospheric miracles canconfuse anyone. Especially such as the appearance of a "water layer" in the desert or on a hot road, caused by the refraction of rays. Not only children, but also adults cannot get rid of the feeling that animals, wells, trees, buildings are real. But alas!
Light passes through layers of unevenly heatedair, creating a kind of 3D image. Mirages are lower (a distant flat surface takes on the appearance of open water), side ones (occur near a heated vertical surface), chrono (reproduce past events).
Thinking about what optical phenomena are,It is impossible not to say about the northern (polar) radiance. It has two main forms: beautiful sparkling ribbons and spots resembling clouds. Intense shine, as a rule, "tape". It happens that the colored luminous stripes cease to exist, and not broken into components.
In the darkness of heavenly space the curtain is likeusually stretches from east to west. The “train” can reach several thousand kilometers in width, and several hundred in height. It is not dense, but a thin “barrier” through which the stars sparkle. Very beautiful sight.
The bottom edge of the "backstage" rosary, has a reddish orpink shade, as if dissolving in the upper one in the dark, thanks to which the inexpressible depth of space is well felt. Let's discuss four types of auroras.
Спокойной, простой формы сияние, яркое снизу и dissolving at the top is called a uniform arc; active, mobile, with small folds and streams - a radiant arc. Radiant folds that overlap each other (large to small) are called the “radiant band”.
And the fourth kind is when the area is made of folds andloops becomes very big. After the end of the activity, the tape acquires a homogeneous structure. There is an opinion that homogeneity is the main property of “His Excellency”. Folds occur only in the period of increased atmospheric activity.
There are other optical phenomena.Examples are not slow to list below. Flurry - shine, giving the entire polar cap a whitish-green glow. It is observed at the south and north poles of the Earth, Iceland, Norway, etc. The phenomenon occurs as a result of the glow of magnetized upper atmosphere when interacting with charged particles of the solar wind (plasma and helium and hydrogen flow into space).
You can say the following about light poles: they are frequent on frosty days, very spectacular.
There are other optical phenomena.For example, a halo, the appearance of which is associated with ice crystals formed in the atmosphere. Dispersion (decomposition of light into components) makes it a rainbow, but not in a drop, but in a solid structure of ice.
Rainbows are like one another, because dropsthe same, they can only fall. The halo has a hundred species, as the crystals are different and very “nimble”: they soar, they spin, they rush towards the Earth.
Dreaming once again to "be deceived", you canadmire the false sun (parghelia) or the lights of Saint Elmo. The latter "sit" on the masts of ships, the sharp tops of tall buildings. Mysticism has nothing to do with it. This is an electrical discharge in the atmosphere. It often occurs during a thunderstorm or in a sandstorm (when particles are electrified).
Photographers love to catch the "green beam" (flash overthe sun and the refraction of rays at the horizon). It is best to capture in open spaces, in cloudless weather. But the crowns (the diffraction of light) are clearly visible when the terrain is covered with fog (iridescent circles around the headlights of your car - these are the crowns), and the sky is covered with a shroud of clouds. In the fog of small droplets circles are especially beautiful. When the fog thickens - they blur. Therefore, a decrease in the number of rainbow rings is regarded as a signal of weather deterioration. What a huge world this is - optical phenomena! The examples we have examined are only the tip of the iceberg. Knowing these phenomena, we can scientifically explain any atmospheric illusion.
