Grapes have ceased to be a purely southern culture.Varieties that grow well and bear fruit in the middle zone of Russia with a temperate climate are bred. Like any other cultivated plant, grapes require good care. First of all, the fight against pests of grapes must be properly managed, which can be divided into two main types: fungal diseases and insects.
Fungal diseases - a threat to the grapes
Fungal diseases, a threat to the grapes, a lot. The main ones are mildew, powdery mildew (oidium), gray and white rot, anthracnose, chlorosis and some others.
Any disease is easier to prevent than cure.To prevent grape diseases, prevention is necessary, for example, agrotechnical procedures. Bushes and bunches of grapes should be well ventilated, that is, air between them should freely "walk". In this case, pruning and fragments of branches are indispensable, pasynkovanie, at the time of ripening berries - removing leaves from the bunches. These procedures allow air to penetrate into the bush, quickly dry the grapes. Pests, or rather spores of fungal diseases, can not germinate and perish.
Preventive measures include the chemical treatment of the vineyard with sulfur preparations, topsin and fudosol. Mature berries are well sprayed with a pink solution of potassium permanganate.
A good effect is achieved with constant dusting of the soil with wood ash. Potassium, which it contains, affects the resistance of plants to diseases, and the development of fungi inhibits the alkaline reaction.
Grapes: pests - insects
The main pests of grapes are phylloxera, horseradish, spider mite, bear, crochet leafworm, wireworm, wasp.
Phylloxera (almost invisible aphids) is a dangerousa pest with which it is impossible to fight. It damages the roots and leaves of the grapes. In the affected areas, swellings are formed light yellow (then - dark brown), the growth force of the plant weakens, and it dies.
In Europe, the phylloxera arrived from North America andimmediately brought irreparable damage to viticulture. In the XIX century, the French government created a bonus fund of 300 thousand francs for a means to destroy phylloxera. But so far it has not been found.
Phylloxera is most often tolerated with plantingmaterial. In order to prevent it, it is necessary to decontaminate two minutes in a solution prepared from 200 g of clay and 100 g of 12% hexachlorane dust in 5 liters of water. Suitable are also insecticides: DI-68, "Rogor", danadim, phosphamide, "Aktelik" and others.
The preventive agent is parsley. Plant it in the vineyard you need as much as possible!
On the sandy soils, the phylloxera does not develop, but on silty and clayey soils it is very weak.
Grapes destroy pests-hruschi.Their larvae settle in the soil and gnaw on the roots and cuttings of the grapes. During the digging of the soil in autumn it is necessary to collect and destroy the larvae of the Khrushchev. They also destroy them when examining young plants in spring and summer.
Leaves of grapes, infected with a spider mite,who likes to settle on their underside, get a brown color. The tick prefers varieties of grapes with broad foliage. He is not afraid of winter and again settles in the vineyard in the spring. After the buds of the grapes are dissolved, it needs to be sprayed with a 0.20% emulsion of the celtic. Then spray again.
Wasps also damage grapes. Pests are afraid of chlorophos, which they are sprayed with.
Caterpillars-leafworms of a small motley butterflycause great damage to buds, flowers and grape berries. As a result, the berries dry out in dry weather, but in the damp they rot. Dispose of the pest can be by spraying with 0.2-0.3% solution of chlorophos, as well as biological insecticides, for example, the drug "Bacillus Turingensis". As preventive measures, it is necessary to remove the bark from the poles and stakes that are nearby.
Protecting grapes from pests is not an easy and troublesome business. But if you want, that every year you enjoy grapes with delicious berries, then it should be done systematically and purposefully.
