Technical and forensic examination of documents. Conducting forensic examination of documents

Technical and forensic examination of documentsis a study that is assigned to identify actual data, identify papers and their means of production. This task is achieved by using special knowledge and methods of physics, chemistry, technology and the equipment itself.

Objects of research

When technical and forensic examination of documents is assigned, the following documents are inspected:

1. The materials by which they are made.
2. Means for requisites.
3. Documentation.
4. Means for their finishing.
5. Products that are used to change the content.
6. Other items to be checked by the method in question.

Tasks

Conducting the forensic expert examination is aimed at the solution of the following tasks:

1. Identification. In this case, the person who typed the text is recognized, the products and materials are checked, the technical means used and the parts of the documents are reproduced.
2. Classification. The object is checked for belonging to a particular group.
3. Diagnostic. This checks how and when the paper is made, whether changes were made to it, and the original text is determined.

Together with the invention of new methods of manufacturing, methods of counterfeiting are also growing. Developed also technical and forensic examination of documents.

Study of forms

Blanks - this is a decorated and protected paper sheets with the details applied in the printing or other way.

There are requirements for government securities.And in business turnover it is customary to make them accordingly. Forms are necessary to understand the source-organization. They are made in printing houses, where each order is numbered and replicated. Forms with the emblem are made only at printing enterprises, which received the appropriate licenses for work.

Counterfeits are different, depending oneducation falsifier, skills and equipment availability. For example, the text can be drawn. Then there are the deviations, uneven intervals between the lines and letters. If high printing is performed, then there is a convex relief, a thickening of the layer, a difference in font and so on. Flat printing is accompanied by a deviation of the sizes of images from signs from the original form, insufficient clarity, intermittent strokes and so on.
When a forensic judicialexamination, together with the examined documents provide the original samples with the same printed form and ordered in the same printing house, under the same number. They are compared on all grounds, on the basis of which they draw conclusions.

In accordance with the current legislation, printing products have the following security features:

• unique number;
• watermark;
• special fibers;
• luminescence by ultraviolet;
• special printing;
• background grids of two colors;
• thread protection;
• protection from color photocopying.

Make a fake, authentic documentwhich is produced at a printing company, unprofitable. Therefore, usually used methods of imitation. This means obtaining effects that, when considered, resemble those used on the form, but made with other technologies.

The study of signatures and imprints of seals

The stamp imprint is an image on paper made by a mechanical cliché application to verify authenticity.

Traditionally prints are forged as follows:

• drawing;
• reproduction carved out of leather, rubber or linoleum cliche;
• by typing typographic letters;
• using a replicate.

Paper is falsified by stamping and otherin ways. Most often, technical and forensic examination of documents reveals the use of modern technology, which is used in the manufacture of originals. For identification provide from 10 to 20 prints.

Forgery of signature is done by stroking or stamping. Depending on the execution, you can see:

• carbon strokes;
• unusual location on the line;
• differences in coloring strokes;
• depression;
• interruptions and reduced coordination;
• spreads;
• smudges;
• clots and more.

Reprint, reprint and erasure

Inserts in the form of additional notes or prepress are the addition of letters, words, text, or some kind of signs. The main features in this case are:

• the difference in handwriting in size, inclination of letters, alignment;
• placement in the fields, edges, lines;
• ink difference.

Scrubbing is done mechanically - by removing or scraping. Signs in this case are:

• ruffled paper, smaller thickness, damage to the protective grid, the disappearance of gloss;
• traces from the strokes of the text that was originally.

Replacing sheets and photos

Independent forensic examination is able to distinguish the replacement of one sheet or several of the following features:

• different sizes of sheets;
• paper marks;
• tint paper.

The replacement of photos is realized by gluingwith the subsequent drawing of the imprint, plywood with its preservation, the stickers of the emulsion layer, which was removed from the imprint of the authentic photograph. It is possible to detect a fake in the absence of a print, the discrepancy between its parts in the photo and letterhead, the difference in density or the presence of other signs.

Establishing initial content

Technical and forensic forensicsable to restore crossed out, filled and smeared records. The methods used in this case detect and reinforce differences in the materials with which the interference was made. To do this, apply:

• research photography, when the difference is visible, for example, in X-rays, in the field of currents or oblique rays;
• copying by wet or diffuse copying,
• color separation;
• other methods.

In questions of forensic examination mayenter and playback of faded and extinct texts, which is carried out using physical, chemical and physico-chemical methods that enhance the difference between the applied strokes and the surface, luminescent analysis, the infrared region of the spectrum, and more.
Sometimes burnt documents, dried, charred and often torn, can be recovered.

Establishing the time of manufacture of the document

Experts may have a question about timeexecution records. In this operation, there are absolute and relative prescription. When the first is set, when the document is drawn up, and when the second - the sequence of making entries in it.

At the same time, the absolute prescription is independentforensic examination determines, identifying immutable features over time (content, document basis, etc.) and changeable (age of used pastes from ballpoint pens, inkjet ink, etc.). As regards relative prescription, it is known: in clerical work, it is customary to first enter the text, then sign the document, and then seal it. If this order is violated, then we can talk about installation. Such issues are also solved by forensic examination. Moscow as the capital has the most relevant centers. But in other cities, if necessary, such examinations are carried out.