Having learned to cultivate plants, the person startedto make attempts to improve, preserve and reproduce the most qualitative forms. Even in ancient times, many varieties of wheat, grapes, various fruit plants were created. Thus arose the science of breeding new varieties of plants - selection.
Variety - what is it?A variety is a stable group of plants created by selection methods and possessing hereditary characteristics within this group. Each plant variety is characterized by a combination of morphological, biological, economic characteristics that determine its characteristics. The variety description includes several characteristics. Origin indicates the source material used to create it. There is a huge variety of cultivated and wild plants, from which selected specimens are selected for breeding. This principle divides into two types such a capacious concept as a variety. What are its varieties - below.
2. Selective - are created on the basis of scientific methods and, depending on the method of breeding, in turn, are divided into several groups:
Selection grade. What does he mean by the following economic and biological signs?
1. Resistance to the influence of adverse natural factors:
2.The duration of the vegetative period is the period of time for which the plant must go through the entire cycle of its development. It depends on the type of culture, variety, thermophilic or cold resistance and many other factors. This is an important biological indicator necessary for proper zoning of crops.
3.Yield is determined by the product of productivity, that is, the average yield of one plant, and the average number of plants located per unit area. For perennial woody plants, it is estimated already in adulthood, usually in kilograms from one tree.
4. Fertility characterizes the ability of plants to make ovaries during self-pollination. If this indicator is low or zero, then there must be a plant next to it, which will become a pollinator for it.
5. Taste qualities differ depending on the content in fruits and berries of acids and sugars.
6.Resistance to pests and diseases is a very important quality for obtaining environmentally friendly products, since the treatment with pesticides leads to their accumulation in plants and in the environment. This trend in breeding is not only one of the main, but also the most difficult, since the potential for variability and the ability to breed in pests and pathogens is very high.
7. The ability of shoots to rooting is important, mainly for berry bushes.
Varieties differ morphological features:
Over time, the new variety loses valuableproperties, and scientific and technological progress in agriculture makes ever higher demands on crops, so the process of creating and improving varieties should be permanent.
So, a new variety is introduced.What is the legal protection of the International Union for the Protection of Selection Achievements? It is provided to protect the interests of breeders and the possibility of reimbursing the money spent by them. To obtain legal protection, this variety must pass a technical examination, which includes three characteristics.
1. The criterion for distinguishing a variety is a photo, its description must be clearly different from any other one known at that moment.
2. The criterion of homogeneity of the variety - plants belonging to the proposed variety, should be the same for this method of reproduction.
3. Criterion of stability - all attributes and properties should remain the same after repeated breeding.
After a new plant variety passes all tests in a special area, it is assigned a varietal name and is added to the state register of breeding achievements.
Creation of new varieties provides humanitymore productive crops that are more resistant to many unfavorable environmental factors. Life puts forward a new variety of requirements for crops, so now methods are being developed to speed up breeding, which in the future will shorten the time for the introduction of new quality varieties of plants.
