Russian clay toy was part of lifepeople over the centuries. The art of making such things and craft traditions were passed down from generation to generation. These seemingly trinkets are the embodiment of beauty, labor and lifestyle of the Russian people.
On the territory of our country, archaeologists werefound the most ancient clay toys relating to the second millennium BC. They consisted of rattles, various dishes and small clay-like implements of labor. During the excavations (Moscow, Ryazan), toys of later origin were found. They wore a cult value and were made in the form of figures of people, birds, horses. These toys were created by modeling from clay and subsequent roasting in the furnace. Sometimes they were decorated with paintings and glazed.
The history of clay toys has developed rapidly.Its production in the 17-18 centuries. growing fast. Figures began to be made specifically for sale at spring fairs. Clay is a plastic and soft material. She was suitable not only for the formation of dishes. From it sculpted all sorts of toys, whistles, images of people, birds, animals, rattles (rattles) and much more. Each master had his own style and manner of modeling and decorating the product. Under Alexei Mikhailovich, as a souvenir and gift, such things began to be bought with pleasure by the royal court.
At that time, clay toys sculpted everything from smallup great We did it mostly in the autumn-winter season, when there was plenty of time free from rural worries. To this day, the folk toy made of clay does not lose its relevance. Created in various variations of form and color, she has the magical ability to bring comfort, warmth and good mood into the house.
Игрушки могут различаться по составу глины, taken for crafts, and in the manner of modeling, characteristic of one or another kind of products. Best of all are molded images of greasy clay. It is mainly used for making filimonovskih toys. Each product is characterized by certain shapes and colors, which depend on the type of clay found in a particular area, and its plastic properties.
Earlier clay toysrepresent a special branch of pottery craft, which has survived to this day. Expressiveness and simplicity - the main criteria for the modeling of these products by folk craftsmen.
Russian ceramic toys are very famous: Abashevsk, Kargopol, Dymov, Filimon and others. This craft has spread to many countries around the world.
These crafts owe their name to their place.origin, the city of Kargopol of the Arkhangelsk region, and more precisely to the villages around it. It was there that at first the peasants created toys from the most accessible material in these places - clay.
Quite an interesting story of the revival of thisfishing. In relation to other types of craftsmanship, the revival of which was organized in Soviet times, the art of the Kargopol toy in Russia was at one point practically lost. However, some samples of products managed to keep and bring to our days thanks to Ulyana Babkina. She was able to give a second life to the once disappeared kind of craft. Clay toys, photos of which are presented below, reflect the whole individuality and peculiarities of their places of origin.
Kargopol crafts, compared with their other relatives, are distinguished by their rather archaic appearance. Nevertheless, they are quite recognizable by their type, style and painting.
Plots are divided into 2 categories:
Важнейшей обрядовой темой данных игрушек является “Woman-mother”, the prototypes of which are the life-giving forces of the “mother — raw earth” and the sun. Favorite among the Kargopol masters is the female “Bobka” figure.
Modern masters can invent new plots with preservation of signs of the Kargopol toy. This only multiplies the already rich abundance of images of such handicrafts.
Если следовать всем традициям, расписанная The toy is a whitewashed figure, decorated with different colors, but without any gloss and unnecessary details. Despite the variety of colors, shades, including bright ones, look quite muffled. Face painting is quite simple.
Роспись глиняных игрушек является довольно simple, but it takes its origin from distant times. Here you can see rectangles, ovals, rhombuses, strokes, stripes, specks, oblique crosses. The paint set consists mainly of brown, ocher, black, green, brick red and blue shades. Less often silver and gold paints are added.
As children's fun, claytoys-whistles began to be perceived relatively recently. Earlier, in the days of the pagan gods, these figures were of magical significance. They were used to scare away evil spirits.
Pinezhsky conspiracy says that the toy is capablelure away the disease. Various whistles had the same purpose. They were often sculpted in the form of various animals and birds, which, in general, were the traditional theme of Russian folk toys.
В Тульской области существовали поверья о том, that whistles could remove the damage from a person and return it to the one who sent it. These or other types of figures could get rid of various ailments. As a rule, they were placed opposite the window to protect the child from evil and disease.
In the 19th century, an ancient ceremony was held in Vyatka withthe use of a toy whistle designed to drive out evil forces and attract good ones. This holiday was called “Whistled Dance” or “Whistler”. These days, adults and children whistled to clay whistles, indulging in dancing and fun.
Рассматривая все работы ранних и современных masters, including foreign ones, you can see a rich variety of whistles. It depends on many factors, including the birdie, a tool for piercing a hole in a toy. The length of all the tools are almost the same - from 80 mm to 100 mm. However, the section can be very diverse - round, oval or rectangular.
Each master's birdie is his personala tool made by him, so the technique is different for everyone, and the result, respectively, differs from the others. Nevertheless, there are methods for making whistles absolutely without any devices, where only hands are used.
Making clay toys isindividual process for each person. Such classes in school circles are very useful. With their help, one can arouse interest and love in world culture in children, develop hand motor skills, artistic taste, train perseverance, perseverance and patience.
Несложно догадаться, что глиняные игрушки, в том including whistles, are made of clay. In its natural form, it can be found in various colors, but usually after firing it changes its color to white or red. Therefore, it began to be called "white-burning" or "red-burning."
Reddening clay is most prevalent. It is usually found on the shores of lakes and rivers, ravines and slopes. It can also be found on construction sites when digging pits.
Но следует знать, что природная или живая глина not always suitable for the manufacture of handicrafts, as it often contains all sorts of impurities - small stones, sand and the like. Clay with a sand content of up to 5% is called “oily”, and one in which the proportion of sand reaches 30% is called “lean”.
To make a high-quality whistle, you should take a medium-fat material (10-15%).
Clay dough, or ceramic mass,It is a mixture that has passed a certain technological process, after which it is ready for the manufacture of pottery. On an industrial scale, special machines are used for this - presses, screens, ball mills, etc. But for making it in small quantities, the whole process can be simplified.
Stages of technology:
If your plans are to make just a couplewhistle, try to use the material available to you without the above described preprocessing. Clay from some deposits is ready for use. If it is impossible to prepare the material in the ways listed, then it can be purchased at the enterprises engaged in the manufacture of ceramic products, in art shops or online stores.
