Mannerism in painting is a direction inFine art of the XVI-first half of the XVII century. It arose in Italy as a reaction to the crisis of the humanistic ideals characteristic of the Renaissance. In a broader sense, this concept implies a new cultural trend, which was also characteristic of literature, architecture, sculpture, and music.
Mannerism in painting appeared at a time whenThe principles of the high Renaissance still prevailed in art. However, in connection with a number of socio-economic, political and spiritual crisis phenomena in culture, a departure from the traditional understanding of man as a harmonious whole of the spiritual and bodily principles was observed. Many thinkers, scientists, representatives of the intelligentsia were disillusioned with humanistic ideals. The belief in the harmony of the world, the possibility of an ideal coexistence of a man of peace and nature was lost.
As a result of these phenomena, Mannerism inpainting, for which was characterized by a departure from clear classical proportions, majestic plots, monumental images. Now the artists began to write in a completely different manner. The latter concept became decisive for a new direction, since the ideological content of the canvas and sophistication, sophistication, and sophistication of forms came to the fore.
Mannerism in painting has passed several stagesdevelopment. The first period falls on 1520-1540. At this time, the new style especially developed rapidly in Italian, to be exact, in Roman-Florentine circles (Vasari, Pontormo and others). Artists actively mastered the new language and pictorial techniques, placing emphasis on the line, chiaroscuro, unusual composition, special color scheme.
From the second half of the XVI century and approximately to the beginningthe next century a new direction spread across the continent, so that in a number of European states its local schools emerged. The most famous of them was Fontainebleau in France. Thus, this style received pan-European recognition, having a great influence on the development of the next trend in culture - the Baroque.
Mannerism of Italian painting laid the foundationof the whole current. Young authors sought to overcome the harmony and harmony, typical for the masters of the Renaissance. Instead of smooth and even outlines, they began to represent broken lines, instead of calm, balanced poses - the swiftness and dynamics of the movements of the figures, and the monumental majestic images were replaced by rather complex compositions.
Artists often sought to convey internaltension of the heroes. And for this they resorted to the violation of light harmony. The figures were intentionally made elongated, elongated, thus violating the proportion of the image. The authors used cold colors in contrast to their predecessors, who, in an effort to convey spiritual pacification and inner harmony, painted with warm colors.
So, the specified features of style, mannerism,allow us to separate it into a separate stage in the development of culture and art. Although some researchers tend to see it as either one of the manifestations of the Renaissance, or the initial stage of baroque. However, most experts still agree that this incomparable style is too original, which gives grounds for singling it out as a separate stage of development. For example, art historians note that the spiritualism of this current formed the basis of sacral baroque. Even in our time in the visual arts there is imitation of this style. So, some singled out the modern direction - neomanierism.
The new trend has become widespread inEuropean countries in many respects due to the fact that Italian artists worked in a number of cultural centers on the continent. But local masters also showed considerable interest in the new artistic language, techniques, means of representativeness. Features of the painting of the Mannerist artists are reflected in the work of E. Greco.
The reason for the popularity of the style in questionlies in the fact that he was distinguished by a special elegance and courtesy. Not for nothing in the framework of this direction the ideals of chivalrous romance were revived again, the themes of which, as it were, received a second life in the writings of early modern artists.
However, this style was clear and accessibleonly to limited individuals. He developed in the closed circles of the court and palace intelligentsia. And he did not receive such a wide scope as the ideas of humanism embodied in the canvases. Technique of performance was distinguished by intricacy and pretentiousness, which made the works difficult for perception. Mannerism in painting, the features of which were very different from that of the representatives of the Renaissance, although widespread, nevertheless did not become such a landmark in culture. The creativity of the famous titans, the significance of which was so great, went beyond the boundaries of fine art and received a wide public resonance.
Феномен гуманистических идеалов заключается в that they had not only cultural, but socio-political significance. What can not be said about Mannerism. However, it should be regarded as a landmark phenomenon in art, as it marked the transition from the classical antique style to baroque.
