Among the most important tasks of the 21st century is the questionenvironmental protection. The emergence and support of the environmental crisis contributes to the pollution of irreplaceable natural resources - soil, air and water - through the introduction of waste industry, production in agriculture, the transport network.
Emissions of enterprises of industrial scale andtransport systems (for which no environmental impact assessment was made) to the air, water bodies and soils have reached unacceptable levels today. In some areas, for example, in large industrial centers, the degree of contamination substantially exceeds sanitary standards. The primary role in the process of environmental pollution is played by the activities of the chemical and fuel industry, the metallurgical complex, and electric power.
Приведем пример.The overwhelming number of modern factories produces toxic wastes of liquid consistency that cannot be satisfactorily cleaned, and, as a result, they need long-term isolation until their natural decay or decomposition occurs. Such pollutants are placed in storage ponds and similar structures, to ensure their complete isolation is almost impossible. As a result, such facilities automatically become sources of penetration of substances into surface or underground drinking aquifers. An environmental impact assessment is necessarily carried out for the above-mentioned enterprises.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)consists of methods and procedures for taking into account the environmental requirements of the current legislation in the system of preliminary preparation of economic, design and other solutions. They are aimed at preventing and identifying the consequences for the environment and society of their implementation in the ecology, social institutions and the economy. Environmental impact assessment aims to determine the assessment of investment costs for environmental measures.
EIA preparation must be builton the existing systems of official state standards in environmental issues (GOST from 17.1 to 17.8), adopted standards determining the quality of the environment, including construction and sanitary.
The environmental impact assessment ismultilateral interdisciplinary work, which displays knowledge from a number of branches of science. It is based on facts and information about the state of nature, about the effect of the projected object on it. When preparing an EIA, exclusively experienced specialists are invited as performers who are fluent in the techniques in the field of knowledge they represent. On their account should be significant developments and materials for the desired region of construction of a pre-planned facility.
The meaning of assessing the impact of objects on the environmentthe environment is to prevent the possibility of environmental degradation under the influence of possible economic activity, ensuring the ecological stability of the area where the object is located, and creating appropriate normal living conditions for the population. It should precede the planned decision-making on financial investments in the project. In short, environmental impact assessment is defined as an applied area of natural science in combination with social and environmental practice.
