The modern political system in Russiais represented by several levels of power. The distribution of functions between them is enshrined in legislation, including in the Constitution. The most approximate to the people representative of the interests of the population is the municipal level. They are individuals and groups of individuals elected on a specific territory who are in charge of the management of the affairs of the municipality.
Legislative activities in the country canengage in three branches of power. The existence of federal, regional and municipal levels is enshrined in the Constitution. Preparation, planning and adoption of national normative documents are the functions of the highest branches of government. They include the State Duma, the Office of the President, the Government and other structures. In the regions there are elected and appointed authorities that provide management and control in certain territorial entities. These include not only the region, but also the republics, autonomous regions. The total number of subjects of the Russian Federation is 85.
Finally, the third municipal level iselected representatives of the people, carrying out activities to develop documents of local importance, interaction with other structures, the distribution of finances from their own budget.
The origins of local self-government originated inRussia with the advent of zemstvos. This happened in the 60s of the XIX century. A little later there was a city reform, there were separate power structures in the cities. In zemstvos, in turn, the range of actions extended only to the countryside. In a large country such reforms were necessary, because the governors appointed from the central regions could not know the problems existing on the territory for hundreds and thousands of kilometers. Life in the countryside was strikingly different from life in the capital. Because of this, there was a misunderstanding, the absence of subordination to the capital laws.
Under the new rules, the authorities in the province have becomeget out of the local people (mostly landowners). There was a rather complex electoral system. The management was entrusted with the management of economic affairs, including the organization of education, hospitals, tax collection. The implementation of the reform was very slow, by the beginning of the 20th century, not yet in all provinces of the country there were local elected bodies.
In 1993, after the adoption of the RF ConstitutionThe municipal government has undergone significant changes. It ceased to be attributed to state structures. There are new functions and competencies. A municipal formation means not only a rural settlement, but also a city, as well as a separate district or district within the city. It has the right to dispose of its own budget, organize collection of taxes, own property. The duty was to include the protection of public order.
The municipal level is the lowest of the three,he demonstrates the will of the people. At the same time, elected bodies are required to act within the law and coordinate their actions with the authority of the superior. Only some issues self-government bodies are able to decide on their own. The definitions of "local" and "municipal" in the Russian legislation are used as synonyms.
The population of the district where this or thatthe local authority, actively involve to vote, participate in the development of new acts, laws. The municipal entity must have its own Charter, the existence of which is enshrined in legislation at the federal level. It lists the officials, the powers are divided between them, the procedure for the adoption of normative acts and everything related to the local budget are indicated.
The bodies at the municipal level identify and resolvethose or other questions of local importance. To solve these problems, budgetary money can be allocated, coming in part from taxes, and partly through state subsidies. Among the functions is the development of projects for the improvement of the territory. The duties of local authorities include ensuring order in the streets, organizing cultural events for the population. The authority also includes the distribution of finances from one's own budget to one or another of the needs.
There are many objects related tomunicipal property. These are repair and construction enterprises, educational institutions, some trading firms and warehouses, hospitals, sports organizations.
The existence of a municipal level in the country -this is one of the signs of democracy. It is under the democratic regime that the people are able to dictate their conditions and influence the political system as a whole. This influence is exercised through local authorities, which are an important intermediary in this chain. Thus, the top authorities are aware of the urgent domestic political problems and plans further reforms, establishes new laws, allocates budget allocations to the needs of the regions.
Elective bodies must be guided bylocal traditions and customs, take into account the interests of peoples and nationalities living in the territory. The history of the region is of no small importance. The experience of the previous years is taken into account when developing new projects and development plans for the district. The local self-government bodies are aimed at establishing social stability, a calm environment in the society.
Local authorities have the authority to collecttaxes from the population. These include the collection of money for the use of land (for example, for sections of the garage cooperative or garden). In addition, these taxes on advertising, inheritance, property and licensing. In addition to tax collections, there are other ways of getting finances to the local budget: various fines, income tax from entrepreneurs, state taxes. Partially, federal taxes are distributed among the budgets of municipalities: a certain percentage from excise taxes on alcoholic beverages, from agriculture, and others. There is a special system of assistance to local authorities in the form of state subsidies and subsidies, there are also special loans for similar needs.
State and municipal levels of governmentinteract with each other. The normative acts adopted by local authorities are registered and recorded in a special document, the management of which is assigned to the federal authority. These acts should not contradict the legislation, neither federal, nor regional.
Territorial proximity of regional andThe municipal level affects their close relationship. The municipality must take into account the opinions of the authorities of the region, but at the same time deal with its own set of issues. Often at these levels, there are conflict situations associated with the distribution of finance in different budgets.