The concept of a general adaptation syndrome has appearedin 1956, it was derived in the study of the efforts of the organism, adapting to changing external conditions. Let us further consider in detail the features of the general adaptation syndrome, various reactions of a person to certain stimuli.
Selye's theory of general adaptation syndromeexplores the process of incorporating special protective tools of the body, adapting to the external environment, developed in the course of evolution. This happens in several stages. As part of the study, three stages of development of the general adaptation syndrome were identified:
The essence of the phenomenon is explained as follows.No organism can ever be in an alarming state. The impact of a negative factor (agent) can be strong and incompatible with life. In this case, the body will die even at the stage of anxiety in the first few hours or days. If he survives, there will come a stage of resistance. He is responsible for the balanced use of reserves. At the same time, the existence of the organism is maintained, which does not differ much from the norm, but under conditions of increased requirements for its capabilities. However, the adaptation energy is not unlimited. In this regard, if the factor continues to impact, exhaustion will come.
Психическое и соматическое состояния настолько intertwined that one cannot arise without the other. Stress response is the concentrated essence of the relationship of the body and mind. It is believed that the symptoms triggered by nerve shocks are psychosomatic. This means that all body systems are involved in the reaction to stress: cardiovascular, endocrine, gastrointestinal, and so on. Quite often, after a long shock comes weakness. Typically, stress provokes a deterioration in the work of the weakest, sickest organ. By weakening the immune system, it increases the risk of infectious pathologies.
Most often, stress has an effect oncardiovascular activity. With a brief nervous shock, shortness of breath occurs. It is caused by the ingress of excess oxygen into the blood. If the shock is prolonged, then breathing will be speeded up until the nasopharyngeal mucosa dries out. In such a situation, the general adaptation syndrome is manifested in the form of chest pain. It occurs due to spasm of the diaphragm and respiratory muscles.
By reducing the protective function of the mucoussignificantly increases the risk of infectious diseases. A common adaptation syndrome may manifest as an increase in blood sugar. This phenomenon provokes a chain reaction. The first increase in the level of sugar increases the secretion of insulin. It contributes to the accumulation of glucose in the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen, as well as its partial transformation into fat. As a result, the sugar concentration decreases, the body experiences a feeling of hunger and requires immediate compensation. This condition stimulates the subsequent production of insulin. The level of sugar will fall.
General adaptation syndrome G.Selye formed the basis for the research of other scientists. For example, in 1974 the book of R. Rosenman and M. Friedman was published. It examines the relationship between cardiovascular pathologies and stress. The book distinguishes two types of behavior and the corresponding categories of people (A and B). The first includes subjects focused on life achievement and success. It is this type of behavior that significantly increases the likelihood of cardiovascular pathologies and sudden death.
В лабораторных условиях изучался ответ обеих groups on the information load. The specificity of the reactions corresponds to the predominant activity of a particular part of the nervous (vegetative) system: sympathetic (group A) or parasympathetic (group B). The general adaptation syndrome of people of type A under the information load is expressed by an increase in the pulse, an increase in pressure, and other vegetative manifestations. Under the same conditions, group B responds by reducing the frequency of the heartbeat and other relevant responses in the parasympathetic type.
Типу А, таким образом, свойственна высокая the degree of motor activity with the predominant sympathetic reactions. In other words, people in this group are characterized by constant readiness to commit actions. Type B behavior implies the predominance of parasympathetic responses. People in this group are characterized by a decrease in motor activity and a relatively low willingness to act. General adaptation syndrome, thus, manifests itself in different ways and implies a different sensitivity of organisms to the effects. One of the methods of prevention of cardiovascular pathologies is the reduction of type A manifestations in the patient's behavior.
Studying the general adaptation syndrome Selye, shouldIt should be noted that the treatment of body reactions to the influence of factors is quite a challenge. It includes several aspects. As a first, you should note the patient’s own position. This, in particular, about his responsibility for his health. The very possibility of using a number of means to combat stress and their effectiveness depends on how well a person consciously approaches the existing problems.
Theoretically, it is not considered asspecial functional state. Pain is an unpleasant emotional and sensory experience that is associated with potential or true damage to the tissues or is described in terms of such an injury. Long-term conditions of this nature significantly change the psychophysiological reactions of a person, and in some cases - the perception of the world as a whole.
Pain is divided into different types according to several signs. Depending on the nature of localization, it can be:
Duration of pain acts asits main characteristics. Short-term sensations are limited, as a rule, to the damaged area (burn on the skin, for example). A person in this case knows exactly the location of the pain and understands the level of its intensity. Sensations indicate a probable or already occurred damage. In this regard, it has a clear warning and signaling function. After repairing the damage, it quickly passes. Along with this, recurrent and persistent manifestations are chronic types of pain. Their duration is usually more than six months. Moreover, they are repeated with one or another regularity.
In any reaction there are several components. The pain is formed by the following components:
As mentioned above, the body’s reserves are notlimitless, and with continued negative impact, they can be depleted. This, in turn, can lead to various serious consequences, including death. In this regard, external assistance is provided to the body. So, various methods are used to relieve pain. As one of them, the so-called electron-narcosis acts. The essence of this method is to influence the centers located in the deep brain structures. Due to this, anesthesia occurs. Among the therapeutic methods should be noted psychological, physical, pharmacological. The latter involve the use of medications that alleviate or relieve pain. Psychological methods are usually used in cases where the peripheral nature of sensations is not entirely clear. These methods include hypnosis, meditation, auto-training. Physical methods involve the use of physiotherapeutic agents. Among them, the most common are: gymnastics, massage, neurosurgery, electrical stimulation.
