The story is not new when a country like a personbesides the name, the official name has a different, unofficial. The name “Canada of the Maple Leaf” can be explained by the peculiarities of the composition of the deciduous forests of the North American continent, but other examples are not so obvious. For example, why is France the Fifth Republic, or, say, China, its inhabitants themselves are called Celestial? The roots are in history.
Here is the closest example.At the beginning of the first millennium from the birth of Christ, ancient Rome became the refuge and stronghold of the first Christians. Then, defeated by crowds of barbarians, lost this status, and Constantinople became the unofficial capital of the Christian world. And in the XV century, and this “city of cities”, or the Second Rome, fell, becoming part of the Ottoman Empire and the support of a crescent, not a cross.
And at this time we have the father of John IV, surnamedthe descendants of the “Terrible”, Vasily III, was in dire need of an additional factor uniting the country and the people - after the fall of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, Russia was transformed from a specific feudal state into a single-powerful country. Taking advantage of the current situation (Uniya was signed, uniting the Eastern and Western Christian churches), Basil III laid the title of the Third Rome on the capital.
We will try to answer the question why Francecalled the Fifth Republic. The history of this country is inextricably linked with this word "republic", and the events in France largely determined the course of events on the European continent.
In essence, the answer to the question why Francecalled the Fifth Republic is quite simple - the country had five versions of the constitution. And so it happened that, according to the number of the wording of the main document of the country, it was customary to “number” the republic as well.
The very beginning of the republican history of FranceOne can certainly consider the great French revolution, marked by the capture of the stronghold and symbol of royal power by the enraged inhabitants of the country, the famous Bastille in 1789. On the question of why France - the Fifth Republic now, was then in a state of revolution and civil war, most historians answer almost according to K. Marx.
A catastrophic gap inliving standards and civil rights of the ruling circles and the common people. Another factor was the presence of a developed middle class in the country, which had something to lose and was ready to defend its rights and freedoms.
Further, as we know, followed by detention andthe shameful return to Paris of King Louis XVI who tried to flee, the execution of the entire royal family and the proclamation of the Republic, the first French republic.
It should be noted that the First Republic did not last long - until 1804, until France became an empire led by Napoleon.
Then events rained down from the horn of plenty:
Why France, the Fifth Republic, as it is nowcalled, in its history, experienced so many revolutions and returns to the monarchy? Probably because it was, by and large, the first country in the world to make the transition from the absolute power of one person to more progressive forms of government.
And from 1848 to 1852, the Second Republic existed with its own version of the constitution, and another restoration put an end to it. A descendant of the Bourbons sat on the throne, and France again became an empire.
The history of the Third Republic lasts from the overthrowthe last French monarch in 1870 before the occupation of France by Hitler's troops in 1940. The prerequisites for a change in the constitutional order were standard - the isolation of power from the real state of affairs in the country.
The days of the last emperor of France wereconsidered after the disgraceful end of the Franco-German war of 1870, when Napoleon III managed to surrender to Prussian commanders along with his entire army. As soon as the news came to Paris, almost overnight, it was decided to abolish royal authority and establish the Third Republic.
So, the monarchy in France was finished, but then why is France the 5th Republic, not the Third?
At the end of the Second World War in 1946the country, like many others, was actively engaged in domestic construction. Obviously, much has changed in the world. The canons, according to which the peoples lived earlier, did not meet the challenges and requirements of modernity.
In 1946, a referendum was held in France,according to the results of which the state became parliamentary. That is why France The Fifth Republic still remains a state in which the post of prime minister has a weight comparable to that of the president.
The Fourth French Republic successfully existed until 1958, when an event occurred that showed that excessively liberal power was good for the time being.
What happened?I must say that France, democratic from the inside, nevertheless remained a colonial power right up to 1980 itself. In 1958, in one of its colonies, Algeria, an uprising broke out. The event was, in general, ordinary, but the consequences were unremarkable - the troops sent to quell the uprising refused to obey the government and, on the contrary, tried to put forward conditions and demands on the government.
Основателем новой конституции стал человек, who managed to suppress the crisis that is looming in the country and bring order to the country - the political giant, beloved by many Frenchmen Charles de Gaulle. That is why France is the Fifth Republic. Features of the new constitution - strengthening the role of the president with the preservation of the decisive speech of the parliament and the priority of fundamental democratic freedoms.
