Every social society has its ownnorms or rules, according to which it lives. They can be attributed to unwritten laws that reflect the nature of human behavior in various situations. Non-observance of these norms is considered a social deviation, which is also called deviation. This concept can be viewed from different angles. First of all, deviant behavior always violates the norms of law and standards that have developed in society. But beyond this, it is considered a social phenomenon, which finds its expression in any mass forms of people's activities and does not correspond to the unofficially established rules of conduct.
Unfortunately, there is no such society, all memberswhich would adhere to common regulatory requirements. Existing deviant behavior and its types can take many forms. So, people with behavioral disorders include criminals and hermits, ascetics and geniuses, saints, etc.
Deviating behavior is a typebehavior, which has no approval in society. At all times, there has been a struggle to eliminate undesirable forms of human activity and their carriers. At the same time, various means and methods were used that corresponded to the socio-economic relations existing in the country, public consciousness, and also to the interests of the ruling elite.
Deviant behavior and its types have always attracted the interest of researchers.
Deviating behavior is a typebehavior with a dual character. On the one hand, it threatens the loss of stability of society. On the other hand, it supports this stability. How can this be explained? Successful work of all social structures is possible only with the maintenance of order and predictability of the behavior of all members of society. It is important for every person to know how other people behave and what kind of behavior they expect from him.
However, in every society there aresubculture. They have their own norms, which are in contradiction with the generally accepted morality. Such deviations are considered group and sometimes contribute to the further development of society.
Sometimes an individual violates social norms onlyoccasionally. This behavior is attributed to the primary deviation. The second kind of this concept is secondary. In this case, the person receives the stigma of the deviant and feels that they treat him differently than with other people.
Deviant behavior always violates moralnorms and at the same time can be both individual and collective. The first type of deviation is often transformed into the second. Most often, this happens when the influence of criminal subcultures on those categories of people who are predisposed to commit deviant acts, that is, are at risk.
Allocate:
- delinquent actions, which have a pronounced antisocial orientation, which in their extreme expressions acquire a criminally punishable character;
- addictive actions, the purpose of which is to escape from reality through the use of psychoactive substances or with excessive fixation for a certain type of activity;
- pathocharacteristic actions, which are caused by pathological changes in the nature that occur due to defects in upbringing;
- psychopathological actions, which are a consequence of mental disorders;
- acts based on the person's hyper-abilities, manifested with a special giftedness or genius.
Deviant behavior and its types may have a somewhat different classification. In relation to them, there are deviant acts:
1. Socially approved.They are expressed in such behavior of the individual, which is positive and aimed at eliminating obsolete standards. As a rule, this type of deviant is associated with social creativity and contributes to qualitative changes in the entire social system. An example of this is genius, sporting achievements, heroic deeds and leadership abilities.
2. Neutral.This deviant behavior is a type of behavior that does not cause any fear of society and does not contribute to its change. To such deviant acts include eccentricity and eccentricity, the desire to surprise everyone with his manner of behavior and clothing.
3. Socially disapproved. This behavior disrupts and disorganizes the social system.
The concept of deviant behavior is relatively.For example, criminals believe that extortion is a normal kind of earnings. However, for the majority of the population, this behavior is deviant. The same applies to certain types of social actions. Some of them are considered deviant, while others are not.
In modern sociology, the most recognizedare considered types, types of deviant behavior, classified by R. Merton. His grouping of concepts he made in the mainstream of the representations of this process as destroying the basic elements of culture, including ethical norms. Based on this, Merton identified four types of deviation, including:
1. Innovation.This type of behavior assumes agreement with the general goals of society, but at the same time denial of the accepted ways of achieving them. Innovators include prostitutes and blackmailers, great scientists and creators of financial pyramids.
2. Ritualism.This behavior is associated with the denial of the main goals of society and the absurd execution of ways to achieve them. An example is the bureaucrat. This official requires careful filling of any document, its repeated verification, compilation in four copies, etc. At the same time, the main thing is missed: the goal.
3. Retreatment.This is nothing but an escape from the existing reality. This type of deviation is expressed in the rejection not only of socially significant goals, but also of the ways in which ordinary people reach them. This type of behavior is typical for drug addicts, alcoholics, homeless people, etc.
4. Revolt. This behavior denies the existing goals and methods in society. The rebel seeks to replace them with new ones. A vivid example is the revolutionaries.
When composing its classification Mertonstressed the fact that deviant behavior and its types are not a product that demonstrates an absolutely negative attitude towards the generally accepted norms. After all, a thief does not at all reject such a goal of society as material well-being. And the actions of the bureaucrat do not conflict with the generally accepted rules of work. In this case, there is only a literal fulfillment, reaching to the point of absurdity. But at the same time, both the bureaucrat and the thief are deviants.
Explanations of the deviant phenomenon can bea bunch of. To understand it, you need to know what kind of deviant behavior the species has. And the reasons in this case will reveal much easier. For example, the propensity to addiction and alcoholism, as well as mental disorders, are not due to social but to biological causes. After all, these negative phenomena are sometimes transmitted to children from their parents.
This is one of the causes of deviation, characterized bybreak of social ties. The most common option is the initial break in economic relations. After that, social ties are lost, and at the next stage - spiritual.
A characteristic feature of the marginals is the reduction in the level of social needs and expectations. At the same time, primitivization of their industrial, domestic and spiritual life takes place.
This is another category of reasons for the negativebehavior. It has a close connection with such phenomena as drug addiction and alcoholism, an increase in the number of mental illnesses and a deterioration in the genetic pool of members of society.
This behavior is a special way of life. Its main reason is the refusal to participate in labor for the benefit of society and the desire to receive unearned income.
It is worth noting that begging andvagrancy has recently become quite widespread. However, society is trying to fight this socially dangerous phenomenon. After all, such individuals often act as intermediaries in the sale of drugs, as well as commit theft and other crimes.
Often the cause of negative behavior isaspiration to avoid the existing internal discomfort, and also to change one's own social and mental state, expressed by internal struggle and intrapersonal conflicts. All this is addictive behavior. Such a way, as a rule, is chosen by those who do not have a legal opportunity for self-realization, whose individuality is suppressed in connection with the hierarchy that has developed in society, and personal aspirations are invariably blocked.
Such people can not make a career and changethey have a social status using legitimate channels. That is why they consider the generally accepted norms of society to be unfair and unnatural.
In our modern society, deviant behaviormore and more become rational and risky. The main difference between such a person and an adventurer lies in reliance on professionalism, and not in belief in chance or fate. This is a conscious choice of personality, thanks to which self-realization, self-affirmation and self-actualization are possible.
In modern society, the problem of children'sneglect, drug abuse and crime. In this regard, there is an increase in the number of adolescents with deviant behavior. Such a deviation in the behavior of children is the result of political, social, economic and environmental instability, the growth of the influence of pseudo-cultures, changes in the existing value orientations of young people, disadvantages in the family and household spheres, lack of control, which is a consequence of the constant employment of parents, the epidemic of divorces and shortcomings in work educational institutions.
What are the most common reasons for the negative behavior of young people? Their list contains the following:
1. Improperly organized upbringing.Such a teenager usually lives in a difficult family. On his eyes, there are conflicts between parents who are not interested in his inner world. Sometimes this trouble is deeply hidden. And it is found only after the adolescent begins to stand out with his negative behavior.
2. Biological factors.Among these reasons, heredity is distinguished, which reduces the activity of protective mechanisms and limits the adaptive functions of man. This factor can manifest itself in mental deficiency, the inheritance of abnormal features in the character, and also a negative phenomenon like alcoholism. In addition, in adolescents with deviant behavior, inferiority of brain cells is revealed, which is the result of some serious diseases that were transferred by them at an early age. The factors of the biological type include the peculiarity of the adolescent period. It is at this age that a person has a rapid growth of the body, puberty begins and is coming to an end, and the functions of many systems and organs, including the central nervous system, are being improved.
3. Mental factors.In adolescence, the formation of a person's character is completed. Violations of this process sometimes lead to negative characterological reactions that go beyond the norms accepted in society. Among them are the following: active protest (disobedience and rudeness); passive protest (leaving the house); active avoidance of contact with people; imitation or imitation of the behavior of others; increased desire for self-affirmation based on the negation of the experience of the elders; hypercompensation (reckless actions) as a defensive reaction, masking the weak points of the individual.
So, we have considered deviant behavior and the causes that cause it.
