The term "organic theory" is quite meaningful.Most often it is attributed to two exercises related to completely different disciplines - political science and chemistry. In the first case, we are talking about the origin of the state, in the second case, the properties of organic substances. Although the authors of these concepts (Herbert Spencer and Alexander Butlerov) acted on opposite fronts of science, they used approximately the same logical and research principles.
In the XIX century in political science appearedorganic theory of the origin of the state. It has been forming for a long time. The first of its prerequisites can be found even in documents of antiquity. Organic theory boils down to the fact that the state is considered a kind of similarity of the human body.
This idea was advocated by someancient Greek thinkers. For example, so believed Aristotle. His organic theory of the origin of the state was an argument in favor of the fact that the state and society are inseparable - they represent a single whole. So Aristotle argued that man is a social being that can not live in isolation from the outside world.
The key adherent of this theory in the 19th century was theHerbert Spencer. It was he who became the founder of the modern interpretation of the organic idea in sociology. The English thinker considered the state, first of all, from a public perspective. He summarized the ideas of his predecessors and formulated a new theory. According to her, the state is a social organism consisting of many parts. As these "details" are ordinary people.
Thus, for Spencer the organic theorystates - the proof of the idea that the state will exist as long as there is a human society. These two phenomena are inherently inseparable from each other. A huge body of people can not get along without the organization of power, which could regulate the relations within this bubbling mass. In other words, human existence has two most important principles of existence - social and natural.
Spencer's organic theory of the statestates that the state dominates people, as the whole rules over its constituent parts. At the same time, the government has obligations that it must fulfill. In order for cells to function normally, a healthy organism is needed. And it depends only on the authorities whether the habitat in the country will have a productive and happy life.
The organic theory of origin says that inIn case of illness of the state, the ailment is transferred to all its functions. For example, corruption affects the economy. Then its collapse affects people's lives. The fall in welfare leads to social tension and other dangerous for stability phenomena. The state and society form a system in which absolutely everything is interconnected. This principle is the reason that the shortcomings of power affect the lives of citizens.
It is curious that the organic theory in political scienceHis roots go to the evolutionary doctrine of Darwin. At one time the British scientist made a real scientific revolution, suggesting that all biological species appeared as a result of the struggle for survival and gradual development from generation to generation.
Darwin explained that the person came frommonkey. Supporters of the organic theory of the state used this thesis. They wondered what the next stage of human development is? Organic theory offers its own well-reasoned response. The development of people led to the fact that they united in the framework of the state institution. It is he who is the next stage of evolutionary progress. In this body, power (the state) performs the function of the brain, while the lower classes of society ensure the vital activity of the whole system.
In science there is not only an organic theoryorigin of the state. This concept belongs to political science and sociology. However, a theory with a similar name exists in another scientific discipline. This is chemistry. In all the same XIX century, within its framework, the theory of the structure of organic substances was formulated. Laurels of the discoverer this time went to the Russian scientist Alexander Butlerov.
Prerequisites for the emergence of a theory that immortalized the namechemist, developed over many years. At first, researchers noticed that groups of atoms can pass from one molecule to another in an unchanged form. They were called radicals. However, chemists could not give any explanation for this anomaly. In addition, critics of the theory of the atomic structure of matter still remained. These contradictions hampered the development of science. To move forward, she needed a serious push.
Gradually organic chemistry accumulatedmore interesting facts about carbon. Also in the XIX century, isomers - substances having an identical composition but showing different properties - were discovered, but not explained. Friedrich Weller (a well-known chemist of his time) compared organic chemistry with a dense forest, thus honestly admitting that it remains one of the most complex scientific disciplines.
Some progress began in the 1850s.First British chemist Edward Frankland discovered the phenomenon of valency - the ability of atoms to create chemical bonds. Then in 1858 Frederick August Kekule and Archibald Cooper made an important discovery simultaneously and independently of each other. They found out that carbon atoms can connect to each other and form different chains.
In the same year 1858, many of his colleaguesAlexander Butlerov. His theory of organic compounds has not yet been formulated, but he already spoke with confidence about the grouping of atoms in complex molecules. Moreover, the Russian scientist was able to determine the nature of this phenomenon. He believed that the grouping of atoms is due to chemical affinity.
Thus, Butlerov was beyond thattheoretical system, which was built by other more eminent chemists (first of all, Charles Gerard). For a long time he acted alone. And only after several important theoretical successes Butlerov decided to share his thoughts with colleagues.
Little known in Europe researcherFor the first time, he declared himself at a meeting held by the Paris Chemical Society. On it Butlerov formulated many principles, which then absorbed the theory of organic substances. In particular, he suggested that, in addition to radicals, there are functional groups. Soon, structural fragments of organic molecules, which determined their properties, were named.
By the middle of the nineteenth century, chemical science had absorbeda lot of facts that did not add up to the logical concept. It was proposed by Alexander Butlerov. In 1861, while attending a conference in the German town of Speyer, he read a revolutionary report on the importance of the chemical structure of substances.
The essence of Butlerov's speech was reduced tothe next. The atoms inside the molecules are connected to each other according to their own valence. The properties of substances are affected not only by their quantitative and qualitative composition. They are determined both by these laws, and by the order of the combination of atoms in molecules. These minute particles affect each other and change the properties of the substance as a whole. After the speech of Alexander Butlerov in science appeared the theory of the structure of organic substances. She successfully answered all the questions that accumulated over several decades of disparate discoveries.
In Butlerov's chemical theory and the political scienceThe theory of Spencer has much in common. In both cases, we are talking about a single whole (substance and state), consisting of many small elements (atoms and people). This relationship determines the properties of the phenomena under study. With all this, both exercises appeared about the same time.
The concept that the properties of matterdepend on the properties of the constituent elementary particles, later formed the basis of the entire classical and universally recognized theory of the chemical structure. However, Butlerov's services did not end there. Among other things, his ideas formed the basis for the rules, according to which later scientists learned to determine the structure of substances.
Russian chemist preferred to conduct artificialsynthetic reactions and with their help to study in detail the qualities of radicals. The researcher left behind a rich written heritage. He thoroughly documented each of his experiments. It was thanks to this habit that the theory of the structure of organic chemistry appeared. Its basis was the rich experimental experience of Butlerov.
In the course of time, it became clear howgreat importance was possessed by the organic theory formulated by Alexander Butlerov. With the help of his teaching, he outlined ways of further research for his successors and ideological followers. For example, the Russian chemist paid much attention to the reactions of decomposition. He believed that with the help of experiments with them one can draw the most accurate conclusions about the structure of chemical substances.
Using the provisions of its own organictheory, Butlerov studied in detail the phenomenon of isomerism, the principle of which was described above. Then it excited the minds of many progressive scientists. Experimenting experiment, Butlerov was able to obtain tertiary butyl alcohol, describe its properties and prove the existence of isomers of this complex substance. Investigations of an outstanding chemist were continued by his students: Vladimir Markovnikov and Alexander Popov.
