The historical development of wildlife isdefined laws and is characterized by a combination of individual characteristics. The successes of biology in the first half of the 19th century served as a prerequisite for the creation of a new science - evolutionary biology. It immediately became popular. And she proved that evolution in biology is a deterministic and irreversible process of development of both separate species and their entire communities - populations. It occurs in the biosphere of the Earth, affecting all its shells. This article will be devoted to both the study of the concepts of the biological species and evolution factors.
Science has gone through a complex path of formationworld outlook on the mechanisms underlying the nature of our planet. It began with the ideas of creationism, voiced by K. Linnaeus, J. Cuvier, C. Laielei. The first evolutionary hypothesis was expounded by the French scientist Lamarck in his work "The Philosophy of Zoology." English explorer Charles Darwin was the first in science to suggest that evolution in biology is a process based on hereditary variability and natural selection. Its basis is the struggle for existence.
Darwin believed that the emergence of continuouschanges in biological species is the result of their adaptation to the constant change of environmental factors. The struggle for existence, according to the scientist, is a set of interrelations of the organism with the surrounding nature. And its reason lies in the desire of living beings to increase their numbers and expand their habitats. All of the above factors include evolution. Biology, the 9th grade that it learns in lessons, considers the processes of hereditary variability and natural selection in the section "Evolutionary Teaching."
Even during the life of Charles Darwin, his ideas werecriticized by a number of such famous scientists as F. Jenkin and G. Spencer. In the 20th century, in connection with the rapid genetic research and the postulation of the laws of Mendel's heredity, it became possible to create a synthetic hypothesis of evolution. In her writings it was described by such famous scientists as S. Chetverikov, D. Haldane and S. Ryde. They argued that evolution in biology is a phenomenon of biological progress, which has the form of aromorphoses, idioadaptations affecting populations of various species.
According to this hypothesis, evolutionary factorsthe waves of life, the drift of genes and isolation. Forms of the historical development of nature are manifested in such processes as speciation, microevolution and macroevolution. The above scientific views can be presented as a summation of knowledge about mutations that are the source of hereditary variability. And also the notion of a population as a structural unit of historical development of a biological species.
This term is understood as biogeocenoticthe level of organization of wildlife. Microevolutionary processes occur in it, affecting populations of one species. As a result, subspecies and new biological species become possible. Here, too, there are processes that lead to the appearance of taxa - genera, families, classes. They belong to the macroevolution. Vernadsky's scientific research proving the close interconnection of all levels of the organization of living matter in the biosphere is confirmed by the fact that biogeocenosis is the medium of evolutionary processes.
In climax, that is, stable ecosystems, inwhich observe a great diversity of the population of many classes, changes occur due to coherent evolution. Biological species in such stable biogeocenoses are called cenophilous. And in systems with unstable conditions, there is an uncoordinated evolution among ecologically plastic, so-called cenophobic species. Migrations of individuals of different populations of the same species alter their gene pools, violating the frequency of occurrence of various genes. This is the opinion of modern biology. The evolution of the organic world, which will be considered below, confirms this fact.
Such scientists as S. Razumovsky and V.Krasilov proved that the rates of evolution underlying the development of nature are uneven. They are slow and almost imperceptible changes in stable biogeocenoses. They are sharply accelerated during periods of environmental crises: technogenic catastrophes, melting of glaciers, etc. In the modern biosphere, there are about 3 million species of living beings. The most important of them for human life studies biology (7 class). The evolution of the Protozoa, the Guttural, the Arthropods, the Chordates is a gradual complication of the circulatory, respiratory, nervous systems of these animals.
The first remains of living organisms are found inArchean sedimentary rocks. Their age is about 2.5 billion years. The first eukaryotes appeared at the beginning of the Proterozoic era. The possible hypotheses of the origin of multicellular organisms are explained by the scientific hypotheses of the phagocite-tella I. Mechnikov and the gastres of E. Goetell. Evolution in biology is the path of development of living nature from the first Archean forms of life to the diversity of flora and fauna of the modern Cenozoic era.
They are conditions that causeadaptive changes in organisms. Their genotype is the most protected from external influences (conservatism of the gene pool of a biological species). Hereditary information can still change under the influence of gene chromosomal mutations. In this way - the acquisition of new features and properties - the evolution of animals took place. Biology studies it in such areas as comparative anatomy, biogeography and genetics. Reproduction, as a factor of evolution, is of exceptional importance. It ensures the succession of generations and the continuity of life.
The processes of the shells of the Earth andThe geochemical activity of living organisms is studied by biology. The evolution of the biosphere of our planet has a long geological history. It was developed by V.Vernadsky in his teaching. He also introduced the term "noosphere", meaning by it the influence of man's conscious (mental) activity on nature. The living substance that enters all the shells of the planet, changes them and determines the cycle of substances and energy.
