Alexander Pavlovich Romanov was born on December 121777 in St. Petersburg. He was the favorite grandson of Catherine II and the eldest son of the heir to the throne of Paul. With the father of the child had a strained relationship, so he was brought up with a crowned grandmother.
At that time, the ideas of enlightenment andhumanism. According to them, and brought up Alexander 1. A brief biography of the future monarch contained lessons based on the work of Rousseau. At the same time, my father taught the child to do military work.
In 1793, the young man married a German princess,received the name of Elizabeth Alekseevna at baptism. Then he served in the Gatchina troops, which were created by Paul. With the death of Catherine the father became emperor, and Alexander - his heir. In order for him to become accustomed to state affairs, Alexander was made a senate in the Senate.
Alexander 1, a brief biography of which wasfull of ideas of enlightenment, was infinitely far from his father with his views. Paul often argued with his son and even forced him to swear allegiance several times. The Emperor was maniacally afraid of conspiracies that were common in the eighteenth century.
March 12, 1801 in St. Petersburg wasa palace coup is organized. In the center was a group of nobles. Until now, researchers are arguing whether Alexander knew about the plans of the conspirators. One way or another, but it is certain that when Paul was killed, this was reported to the heir. So he became emperor of Russia.
The first years of the reign of Alexander 1's policy wereis entirely aimed at the internal transformation of the country. The initial step was a broad amnesty. She freed many freethinkers and victims during the reign of Paul. Among them was Alexander Radishchev, who lost his will for publishing the essay "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow."
Later Alexander relied on the opinionnoble companions, who formed an unspoken committee. Among them were the youth of the emperor - Pavel Stroganov, Victor Kochubey, Adam Czartoryski, etc.
Reforms were aimed at weakening serfdomrights. In 1803, a decree was issued on free grain farmers, according to which the landlords could now liberate their peasants together with the land. Patriarchal orders of Russia did not allow Alexander to take more decisive steps. The nobles were able to resist the changes. But the ruler successfully banned serfdom in the Baltics, where Russian order was alien.
Also Alexander's reforms 1 contributed to the development ofeducation. Additional funding received Moscow State University. Also, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was opened (young Alexander Pushkin studied there).
The closest assistant to the emperor was MikhailSperansky. He prepared a ministerial reform, which Alexander approved. 1. A brief biography of the ruler received another successful initiative. The new ministries replaced the inefficient colleges of the Petrine era.
In 1809, a draft on the divisionauthorities in the state. However, Alexander did not dare to give this idea life. He was afraid of the murmuring of the aristocracy and the next palace coup. Therefore, Speransky eventually withdrew into the shadows and was sent into retirement. Another reason why the reforms were curtailed was the war with Napoleon.
At the end of the XVIII century, France experienced the Greatrevolution. The monarchical order was destroyed. Instead, first there was a republic, and then the sole rule of the successful commander Napoleon Bonaparte. France as a hotbed of revolutionary sentiments has become the opponent of the absolute monarchies of Europe. Both Catherine and Paul fought against Paris.
Emperor Alexander 1 also joined theanti-French coalition. However, the defeat at Austerlitz in 1805 led to the fact that Russia was on the brink of defeat. Then the policy of Alexander 1 changed: he met with Bonaparte and signed with him the Tilsit peace, which established neutrality, and Russia had the opportunity to join Finland and Moldova, which was done. It was in the new northern territory that the emperor used his reform achievements.
Finland was joined in the form of the Grand Duchy with its own Diet and civil rights. And in the future this province was the most free in the whole state during the XIX century.
However, in 1812 Napoleon decided to attackRussia. Thus began the Patriotic War, known to all on Tolstoy's War and Peace. After the Battle of Borodino, the French were sent to Moscow, but this was Bonaparte's fleeting success. Left without resources, he fled from Russia.
Then Alexander 1, a brief biography of whichfull of events, led the army in the foreign campaign. He triumphantly entered Paris and became the hero of all Europe. The triumphant headed the Russian delegation at the Congress of Vienna. At this event the fate of the continent was decided. By his decision, Poland was finally annexed to Russia. She was given her own constitution, which Alexander never dared to introduce throughout the country.
The last years of the reign of the autocrat were notedfading reforms. The Emperor was carried away by mysticism and fell seriously ill. He died in 1825 in Taganrog. He had no children. The dynastic crisis became the reason for the Decembrist uprising. As a result, the younger brother of Alexander Nikolay came to power, which became a symbol of reaction and conservatism.
