Radiation is an ionizingradiation of microscopic particles and physical fields. Radiation radiation does not include ultraviolet rays and the range of visible light. The ability to ionize the counterpart does not have radio waves and microwaves, this is not radiation. A lethal dose for a person is not created artificially through chemical processes, radiation refers to physical action.
The power of radiation is the amount of ionization over a certain time interval. For power, there is a unit of measurement - microroentgen per hour.
The dose obtained is measured by the total dose,determined by the radiation power multiplied by the time of action of microparticles, thus, a lethal dose of radiation is calculated for a person that leads to a lethal outcome. To measure the equivalent dose, a sievert (Sv) is used, the power for calculation is determined in sieverts per hour (Sv / h).
To calculate the equivalent dose from exposurerays of different types take into account the intensity of the sought radiation with respect to the sievert. For example, when determining the total dose from the action of gamma rays, equate 100 X-rays to 1 Sv. Small doses, less than 1 Sv, are calculated in relation to:
A common device forDetermination of dose rate or power directed to the device and to the operator of the device is a dosimeter. Dosimetry is performed during exposure to radiation, for example, a work shift or the time of rescue operations.
The lethal dose of radiation for a person inx-rays depends on the intensity of radiation at the location of the employee, if the total figure is more than 600 units, then such exposure is dangerous for life. The transported goods, objects are examined, the background from buildings and buildings is measured. Everyone who visits places with the danger of radiation contamination acquires a dosimeter for permanent personal use.
Going to an unknown place, for example, mountains,Lakes, going on a hike or behind berries and mushrooms, take the device to examine the terrain before long-term stay. The radiation intensity of the plot before construction or when buying land is determined. The radiation background does not go down and is not removed from the walls of buildings and objects, therefore a danger is detected with a dosimeter beforehand.
Some atoms contain unstable nuclei,capable of converting or disintegrating. This process promotes the release of free ions. There is a radioactive radiation, energetically powerful, capable of acting on the surrounding substance and provoking the appearance of new ions of a negative and positive charge. A fatal dose of radiation in rad appears when a person is irradiated with 600 rad, while 100 rad (an extra-system unit) = 100 x-rays.
The effect of various factors and circumstances causes an increased radiation background:
Dangerous to humans is radiationmicroparticles, leading to diseases of the body and death. The magnitude of the impact depends on the type of rays, duration of action and frequency:
Equivalent fixed effective doseis the definition of radiation doses on the body as a result of the receipt of a certain amount of harmful substance. This indicator takes into account the sensitivity of internal organs and the time of finding radioactive material in the body (sometimes throughout life). In some cases, a lethal dose of radiation in X-rays is measured for one selected organ.
The ambivalent dose equivalent is determined by the amount that a person could receive if he were present in the area where dosimetry is done, the indicator is measured in sievert.
Any radiation resulting in the formation ofthe environment of electrical particles with different signs, is considered ionizing. A scattered radiation background constantly accompanies a person, it is created by cosmic radiation, the influence of the sun, natural sources of radionuclides, other components of the biosphere.
For work in hazardous conditions, the staff protectsspecial suits, observe the safety standards. The organism receives irradiation in the workplace during physical and chemical experiments, carrying out flaw detection, medical research, geological surveys, etc.
A lethal dose of radiation for a person is happyis more than 600 units and leads to a lethal outcome. Irradiation in a dose of 400 to 600 rad promotes the appearance of radiation sickness and can cause a mutation of the genes. The effect of the ionized transformation of the body is little understood, mutations manifest themselves through generations. The spread of time gives the right to doubt, there was a mutation from radioactive influence or caused by other reasons.
Mutations by species are divided into dominant,appearing in a short period after the action of irradiation and recessive. The second kind manifests itself if the mother and child have one mutant gene. The mutation does not wake up for several generations or does not bother the person at all. The fetal degeneration is difficult to determine in case of premature birth, if the mutation does not allow the fetus to reach the age of birth.
In the diagnosis of radiation sickness, a largethe influence is exerted by radiation. A lethal dose of radiation leads to a lethal outcome, but radiation levels from 200 to 600 r, which cause radiation sickness, are no less dangerous. Radiation affects a person after a single powerful effect or with a constant penetration of radiation of low power. An example is the work of radiologists who do not stand up to constant irradiation and become ill with characteristic diseases.
The most dangerous is the effect of radiation onimmature organism up to 15 years. On the size of the dose there is no consensus, the researchers give different doses of tolerance in 50, 100 and 200 rivers. Pathogenesis is studied in research institutes, radiation leukemia becomes more accessible for treatment.
The study of the effect of radiation on a person is difficultthe fact that for the emergence of generalized data, large groups of people are being studied, which is impossible without a special experiment. What a lethal dose of radiation is lethal, and what levels cause a person's oncological tumors can not be judged by experimenting with animals.
In the sense of allocation of a dangerous dose, causingcancerous tumors, there are no definite data. Any dose of radiation obtained gives an impetus to the body to begin dividing aggressive cells. According to the frequency of manifestations of the disease are divided as follows:
Symptoms of radiation sickness are constantheadache, movement disorder, gesture coordination, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, upset stomach and intestines. What dose of radiation is lethal to humans:
Standard actions for the population,if the territory is radiation. The lethal dose of radiation is dangerous to life, therefore, in order to reduce deaths, people are evacuated to structures that, according to the degree of protection, are divided into capital bomb shelters, cellars, wooden structures and cars. Best protects the first type of structure, the rest are considered as emergency temporary shelters.
Effective measures include protection of organsbreathing, water and food supplies. Shelter essentials do in advance if there is a danger of ejection or explosion. They use anti-radiation medicines, do not use fresh milk for nutrition.
Regular sanitization anddisinfection of the area, at any opportunity people are evacuated outside the infected area. Reducing internal exposure by eliminating dust capture is provided by respirators, effective in 80% of cases. A smaller figure gives a gauze bandage of four layers, but use all available at hand means of protection. As a cape used water-repellent raincoats, in extreme cases, plastic wrap.
In conclusion, it should be mentioned that radiationcontamination of the area is not reduced, the risk of human infection is minimized by the use of personal protective equipment and the monitoring of the radiation dose received with the help of dosimeters.
