The popular movements in Russia in the 17th century weremass phenomena. The era of the Time of Troubles is over. All spheres of public life were completely destroyed: economy, politics, social relations, culture, spiritual development. Naturally, it was necessary to restore the economy. Many reforms and innovations hurt the population at that time. As a consequence, popular movements. We will try to analyze this topic in more detail.
The period of the "insurgency" is a mandatory minimum for the school. The course "Patriotic History" (Grade 7, "People's Movements") highlights the following causes of social upheaval:
The above-mentioned reasons give grounds to believe,that popular movements in the 17th century are connected not only with the peasantry, as it was before, but also with other social strata: the clergy, the Cossacks, and the archers.
This means that they begin to speak out against the authoritiespowerful forces that know how to own weapons. Cossacks and archers were able to gain combat experience in constant wars. Therefore, their participation in the riots in scale can be compared to civil wars.
I want to remember the modern pensioners,who actively monitor the prices of salt in stores. An increase of one or two rubles is accompanied today by various accusations and criticism of the authorities. However, the rise in prices for salt in the XVII century provoked a real riot.
July 1, 1648 broke a powerful waveprotest. The reason was an additional fee for salt, due to which the government decided to replenish the budget. The situation led to the fact that the protesters "intercepted" Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich on his return from prayer to the Kremlin. People complained to the "good tsar" about the action of the "bad" boyar - the head of the Zemsky order LS Pleshcheyev. In the eyes of an ordinary man in the street, he was the only one to blame for all the troubles of the state: ordering red tape, embezzlement, raising prices not only for salt, but also for other food products.
The "bad" boyar had to be sacrificed."Under the noise" the king got rid of not only the "scoundrel" Pleshcheyev, but also from his relative, Boyar B. Morozov, his tutor. In fact, he was a "secret cardinal" in the country and solved almost all administrative issues. However, after that, the popular movements in the country did not end. Let's move on to the rest.
The situation with salt was not taught by the governmentcautious approach to reform. Money in the country was sorely lacking. And then the authorities held the most "deadly" economic reform, which could only be thought up - the devaluation of the coin.
Instead of silver money, the government introducedcirculation of copper coins, which is 10-15 cheaper. Of course, it was possible to come up with wooden (in the truest sense of the word) rubles, but the authorities did not dare so much to test fate. Naturally, traders stopped selling their goods for copper.
In July 1662, riots and riots began.Now people did not believe in a "good king". Pogroms were visited by the manors of almost all the tsar's associates. The crowd wanted to destroy even the residence of the "anointed of God" in the village of Kolomenskoye. However, the troops arrived in time, and the tsar went out to negotiate.
After these events, the authorities brutally treated the insurgents. Many people were executed, arrested, some were severed hands, feet, tongues. Those who were lucky, were sent into exile.
If the previous popular movements wereorganized by a peaceful unarmed population, then in the uprising of Stepan Razin, armed Cossacks armed with combat experience took part. And this turned out to be a more serious problem for the state.
The whole of the blame was the Cathedral Ordination of 1649.This document finally established serfdom. Of course, it began to form from the time of Ivan III, from the introduction of St. George's Day and the attachment of workers to the land of the feudal lords. However, the Sobor Code laid down a lifelong search for runaway peasants and their return to their former owners. This norm was contrary to Cossack liberties. There was a centuries-old rule "there is no extradition from the Don," which meant protecting everyone who got there.
By the mid-sixties of the 17th century, a huge number of runaway peasants accumulated on the Don. This led to the following consequences:
All this, naturally, could not but lead to popular movements
The first stage of the uprising of peasants and Cossacks underled by S. Razin went down in history as a "campaign for zipuns", that is, for prey (1667-1669). The purpose of the campaign was the looting of merchant ships and caravans carrying cargo from Russia to Persia. In fact, Razin's detachment was a pirate gang that blocked the main trade artery on the Volga, captured the Yaitsk town, defeated the Persian fleet, and then returned in 1669 with a rich booty to the Don.
This successful and unpunished campaign inspiredmany other Cossacks and peasants, who were suffocating from poverty. They massively reached out to S. Razin. Now the idea of a revolution in the country was born. S. Razin announced a campaign against Moscow.
Actually, S.'s speechRazin recalls the future peasant war led by E. Pugachev. The broad social strata, large numbers, participation in the conflict of local national tribes speak of a full-scale civil war. In general, the domestic history (popular movements in particular) has never seen such mass protests of its own people before that time.
The rebels immediately took the city of Tsaritsyn. We approached the well fortified fortress of Astrakhan, which then surrendered without a fight. All voevody and noblemen were executed.
Success provoked a massive shift to the sideRazin such large cities as Samara, Saratov, Penza, which indicates a serious political crisis within Russian society. In addition to the Russian population, the peoples of the Volga region also reached out to him: the Chuvash, the Tatars, the Mordvins, the Mari, and others.
The total number of the insurgents reached 200 thousand.human. The reasons for which thousands went to Razin were several: some were tired of poverty, taxes, others were attracted to the status of "free Cossacks", while others were criminals. Many national communities wanted autonomy and even independence after the victory of the revolution.
However, the goals of the insurgents were not to be realized.Without an organizational unity, common goals, the army was uncontrollable. In September 1670, she tried to take Simbirsk (modern Ulyanovsk), but failed, and then began to disintegrate.
The main number, headed by S.Razin went to the Don, many fled to the inner areas. Against the insurgents, the punitive expedition was led by the voevoda, Prince Yu. Baryatinsky, which in fact means the use of all available military forces. Fearing for their lives, the rebels issued their leader, who was then quartered.
Up to 100 thousand people were killed and tortured by official authorities. Russia has never known such massive repressions before this time.
