Transitivity / intransitivity is a categorybased on which you can select the relationship between the subject and the object of action. The meaning of this category is that the subject performs a certain action, and its result can “turn out” (go) or not “turn out” (not go) on the subject. Therefore, the verbs in the Russian language are divided into transitive and intransitive.
To determine the transitivity, it is necessary to identify the key feature, which is an addition to the verb and has a certain case marking.
A transitive verb is a verb that has an action meaning that is directed at the subject and modifies or produces it (check work, dig a hole).
Intransitive verb - denotes movement or position in space, or moral state, or physical.
Also distinguish the so-called labile verbs. They can act both transitive and intransitive (the editor rules the manuscript - the world is ruled by the person himself).
The syntactic difference between transitive and intransitive verbs is associated with a lexical meaning. Transitive and intransitive verbs are usually combined:
In addition, the action object in transitive verbs can also be expressed in the genitive case, but only in such cases:
Transitive and intransitive verbs (table) have such basic differences.
As a rule, these verbs do not have specialmorphological features. But still, certain types of word formation act as indicators of the transitivity or intransitivity of the verb. So, the transitive verb is:
The transitional can be attributed to verbs that are formed from adjectives with the suffix -i: to plant trees, blacken.
There are individual cases where, by attaching a prefix to intransitive non-compliant verbs, they form transitional verbs. Examples: harm and neutralize.
If there is no addition in the sentence, then the transitional verb performs the function of non-transitional: The student writes well (the property inherent to the person concerned is indicated).
Intransitive verbs contain a special group of reflexive verbs, their formal attribute is the suffix -x (to wash, to return).
Reflexive verbs are studied in the school curriculum, as well as transitive verbs (6th grade).
Reflexive verb refers to the action turned on itself. It is formed with the help of a particle (postfix) - (s).
We can distinguish the following main features of these verbs:
Since the main morphological propertiesTransitional verbs - the formation of derivatives for us and passive participles, which is uncharacteristic for intransitive verbs. Let us take a closer look at this process.
In most cases, the transitive verb isthe one that forms the passive participle, or the delactives with the ending -xia, which may have a return (rush), a passive value (create), a decausive (break).
The exceptions are the verbs to add (in weight), to cost, to weigh, and most semelfaktivov on-well (pick). In addition, these verbs do not form passive and return derivatives.
But still there are intransitive verbs,able to form passive structures. For example, the verb to expect. He has a passive from the intransitive construction with the addition in the genitive case: I expect the arrival of Vasily - the arrival of Vasily is expected.
Although transitivity does not have a singleformal expressions, nevertheless, there are tendencies that link the category of transitivity with the formal properties of the verb, for example, with verb prefixes:
Русский язык имеет большой класс прямых additions. In addition to those that are significantly affected by the situation, the verb can have a direct complement that plays a different semantic role (for example, see, have, create — nothing happens with these transitional verbs, it is not destroyed, it does not change).
So it turns out that the oppositionTransitivity should not be strictly connected with the semantic class of the verb. This means that the transitional verb does not have to necessarily indicate the agent-patient situation. Still, some trends can be noted.
So, the transitive verb is:
Selecting the semantic properties of transitional verbs, you can determine the properties of all the others, that is, intransitive:
More than once it has been said that the key propertytransitive verbs - the ability to interact with the direct object in the accusative case. But there are such classes of verbs that are used not only with nouns and pronouns in the accusative case, but with the word or other part of speech, semantically identical to it in one degree or another. It can be:
Some of the listed designs may notonly replace the direct object used in transitional verbs, and be used to express a similar function with intransitive verbs. Namely:
The analogs of the above additions in the accusative case possess, in varying degrees, the prototypical properties of direct additions.
Несмотря на то что тема эта одна из нелегких, мы were able to determine what the transitional verb means. They also learned how to distinguish it from the intransitive and distinguish it from the latter. And to prove this, we give for example phrases with transitive verbs, with intransitive and reflexive verbs:
