На сегодняшний день на территории ведущих стран World has almost a million kilometers of railway tracks. Many developments have been invented to improve rail transport: from trains moving from electricity to trains moving on a magnetic cushion, without touching the rails.
Some inventions are firmly established in our lives,others remained at the level of plans. For example, the development of locomotives that would move on nuclear energy, but because of the high danger to the environment and the high financial costs they have not been built.
The world's first railway for a gravity train is being developed, which will move due to its inertia and gravity.
Railway transport has great potential. More and more new ways of traveling by rail are being invented, despite the fact that everything seems to have been invented a long time ago in this area.
The very first railways began to appear in the middle of the 16th century throughout Europe. It could not be called rail transport in full. Trolleys, which pulled the horses, drove along the paths.
Basically, these roads were used in the development of stone, in mines and mines. They were made of wood, and the horses could carry on them a load weighing much more than on a regular road.
But such tracks had significantdisadvantage: they quickly wore out, and carts went astray. In order to reduce the wear of wood, they began to use iron or iron strip to strengthen.
The first railways, the rails of which were made entirely of cast iron, began to be used only in the 18th century.
The world's first railway for transportationpassengers was built in England on October 27, 1825. She connected the cities of Stockton and Darlington, and it was initially assumed that it would carry coal from the mines to the port of Stokona.
The project railway was engaged engineer GeorgeStephenson, who already had experience of operating and managing railways in Kilinguoret. To start building the road, I had to wait for the approval of the parliament for four years. The innovation had many opponents. Horse owners did not want to lose their income.
The very first train that transported passengers was converted from coal trolleys. And in 1833, for the rapid transportation of coal, the road was built to Middlesbrough.
In 1863, the road became part of the Northeastern Railway, which is still in operation.
The world's first railway, which passedunderground, was a breakthrough in public transport. The first built it by the British. The need for the subway appeared at a time when residents of London fully acquainted with traffic jams.
In the first half of the 19th century, clusters of various wagons appeared on the central streets of the city. Therefore, we decided to “unload” traffic flows by creating a tunnel underground.
The project of the London Underground Tunnel was invented by the Frenchman Marc Isambar Brunel, who lived in Great Britain.
The construction of the tunnel was completed in 1843.At first it was used only as a pedestrian crossing, but later the idea of the metro was born. And on January 10, 1893, the opening ceremony of the first underground railway took place.
It used locomotive traction, and the length of the tracks was only 3.6 kilometers. The average number of passengers carried was 26 thousand people.
In 1890 there was a modification of the compositions, and they began to move not on steam, but on electricity.
The world's first railway on which trainsmoved on an air cushion, was patented in 1902 by the German Alfred Theiden. Attempts at construction were undertaken in many countries, but the first was presented at the International Transport Exhibition in Berlin in 1979. She worked for only three months.
Trains on the magnetic railway move without touching the rails, and the only braking force for the train is the force of aerodynamic drag.
To date, the magnetic traincan not compete with the railway and the metro, because, despite the high speed of movement and noiselessness (some trains can reach speeds of up to 500 km / h), have a number of significant drawbacks.
First, it will require large financialinfusions for the creation and maintenance of magnetic roads. Secondly, trains are magnetic cushioned. Thirdly, the electromagnetic field causes great harm to the environment. And fourthly, the magnetic railway has a very complex track infrastructure.
In many countries, including the Soviet Union, they planned to create such roads, but later abandoned this idea.
For the first time in Russia, the predecessors of full-fledged railways were used in Altai in 1755 - these were wooden rails in the mines.
In 1788, the first was built in Petrozavodsk.railway for factory needs. And for passenger traffic in 1837, the St. Petersburg-Tsarskoye Selo railway appeared. On it went trains on steam bent.
Later, in 1909, the Tsarskoye Selo railway became part of the Imperial branch, which connected Tsarskoye Selo with all the lines of the St. Petersburg railway.
