Adjective - one of the main parts of speechin Russian, used by its speakers constantly. It has a number of indicators, so before answering the question of how an adjective changes, it is necessary to clarify what exactly is meant by this part of speech.
The term "adjective" appeared in Russianfor a long time, and he was formed from the Latin word adjectivum, which translated means "addition". That is why the lexical meaning of the word "adjective" should be considered "the name that is attached to the noun."
In general, the adjective denoteslexico-grammatical class of word forms denoting the non-procedural characteristic of the subject. The lexical meaning in this case is expressed using inflection categories. Adjectives in a sentence have their own syntactic function - the definition; in particularly complex cases, they are a composite named predicate.
Speaking of the adjective, it should be noted threeunderstanding of the term. According to the first, adjectives, pronouns-adjectives, participles and ordinal types should be attributed to this part of speech. The lexical meaning of these words (a sign of the subject) is complemented by new shades. This view is called a broad understanding of the adjective name.
There is a formal position of a moderate type,in which only adjectives and ordinal numbers are included under adjectives. This point of view was popular in the 60s – 70s of the 20th century, until it gave way to a broad understanding actively lobbied by Russian Grammar 80.
При узком понимании имени прилагательного в него only adjectives are included. Many linguists prefer to adhere to this approach, since only it takes into account all the signs with the help of which one or another part of speech is distinguished. It is on the basis of this point of view that an adjective is analyzed today.
The adjective has a numbermorphological categories with which it can be changed if necessary. All these categories are dependent on other parts of speech, the ending of an adjective is a universal morpheme, capable of pointing to inflection categories.
Adjectives vary by gender, numberand cases, with the passage of the word into the plural, the genus disappears as superfluous. Most often, it is possible to clarify the inflectional categories of an adjective with the help of its end in combination with the end of a noun. Sometimes it happens that an adjective is used with an indeclinable noun, and at the end it is not possible to get complete information about the word. In this case, the meaning of the gender, number and case of the noun will depend on the end of the adjective. The number of the adjective here plays an important role, since it affects all indicators at once.
Most adjectives are concise andfull form. During the existence of the Old Slavonic (Old Russian) language, short forms took priority, now the situation has changed with exactly the opposite.
Full adjectives are most often putbefore the noun, in this case in the sentence they play the role of definition. If the full adjective turned out to be a noun, it is most often a nominal part of a composite nominal predicate. If there is no verb in the sentence, the adjective assumes the role of a predicate.
Краткие прилагательные чаще всего располагаются as a noun, in this case they play the role of the nominal part of a composite nominal predicate. If the sentence contains a predicate expressed by a verb, the short adjective can play the function of a separate agreed definition.
Некоторые качественные прилагательные сохранили the short form is the remnants of the active use of this phenomenon in the Old Russian language. These forms usually denote temporary signs that can be applied to a particular situation, in addition, they can convey a relaxed categorical assessment of a particular sign.
In modern Russian, the short formit is formed with the help of the bases of complete adjectives, to which the generic endings should be added. In the formation of short adjectives of the masculine gender, the alternation of the letters “o” and “e” with zero sound may appear, this phenomenon is a consequence of the fall of the reduced ones.
It is important to be able to distinguish short forms from truncatedadjectives that are actively used in folklore and fiction. Brief adjectives can only be qualitative and vary only by gender and number, they are most often used in the postposition in relation to the noun.
To understand how the adjective changes,it is necessary to touch on his lexical and grammatical level. Qualitative adjectives can denote the qualities of people, objects, and animals, color attributes, and also give a general assessment of any phenomenon that is referred to in the proposal.
Relative adjectives are distinguished by the fact thatthey express the feature of the subject indirectly, by their attitude to the subject or to some action. By means of them, the relation to persons, animals, objects, actions, concepts, places, times and numbers is indicated. The lexical meaning is transmitted using special suffixes.
Possessive adjectives - the most difficultdischarge. In a broad sense, adjectives with possessive suffixes refer to it; in the narrow sense, a part of speech must simultaneously have two signs — the suffix and individual affiliation to any person or object.
Morphological analysis of the adjective -quite simple procedure that can be performed in a few minutes. The parsing scheme works the same for both the school level and the university level, so it will not cause any difficulties or additional trouble. If necessary, you can consult with linguistic references.
In the analysis you must specify:the word form, the belonging of the word form to the part of speech, the categorical meaning, the initial form + the question to it and the semantic question. Next, you need to specify all the lexical and grammatical indicators and the type of declension (with indicators). For quality adjectives, you will need to specify comparatives and short forms (with evidence in the form of indicators). Next, it is necessary to point out by what nominal indicators the adjective agrees with the noun (gender, number, case), and indicate its syntactic function in the sentence.
Достаточно часто возникает ситуация, когда it is very difficult to verify the end of an adjective because it is unstressed. In this case, you will need to use a number of questions (what? What? What? What? What? What?). It should be remembered and exceptions - adjectives ending in "-s", "-s", "-s", "-s", in most forms before them ends a soft sign is put: rabbit, rabbit, rabbit.
Исключение составляют формы именительного и accusative case of singular masculine. If the adjective was derived from the name of a month, the soft sign will be preserved: July - July.
Earlier the term when the name began to be studiedthe adjective (3rd grade) was by no means suitable for everyone, which is why children today will learn about parts of speech much earlier than previous generations. The adjective is much easier to learn, because it is closely related to another part of speech, the noun, and even has similar grammatical indicators.
To find out how the adjective changes,it is necessary to make every effort in class and listen carefully to your teacher. However, if a child accidentally missed a lesson and is now very difficult for him to catch up, he can open any reference book from a large amount of scientific literature and find the answer to his question. The answer in this case may not always be correct, and this must be considered when searching.
In the university format the adjective is studiedmuch deeper, but a small number of hours are provided for its development, which the student will help to repeat only a basic understanding of this part of speech. However, university students have access to libraries and can easily and quickly find the information they need.
