Socio-humanitarian knowledge is the possession of the features of the structure of society. Let's try to understand the specificity of such knowledge.
В настоящее время существует такая проблема, как classification of the social sciences and humanities. Some authors recommend dividing them into humanitarian and social disciplines. Others believe that such a division is inexpedient. Such a disagreement in views was an excellent opportunity for the institute of social and humanitarian knowledge to work.
They are a detailed study.society, as well as all its existing areas: legal, political, economic. In order to get acquainted with the peculiarities of this humanitarian direction, researchers conduct opinion polls, analyze changes in the composition of the university administration. Among the social sciences distinguish jurisprudence, political science, history, philosophy, economics.
They include religious studies, cultural studies, psychology, and pedagogy. There are many similarities between the humanities and social disciplines, so this area is a special region of knowledge.
Since social and humanitarian knowledge is a separatethe direction of scientific knowledge, it must be present certain signs. Among the features of the social sciences and humanities we single out the importance of taking into account the phenomenon of freedom. If the science of nature (chemistry, biology, physics) is aimed at studying the natural processes associated with living nature, then socio-humanitarian knowledge is primarily the study of human activity in the artistic, legal, and economic activities. The work of man does not occur, it is done. If natural processes do not have freedom, then human activity is completely independent. That is why social and humanitarian knowledge is the minimum of certainty, the maximum of hypotheticalness.
The specifics of this direction is that it is importantstudy subjective reality. If the object of the study of natural sciences are material objects, then the humanities are engaged in the study of material systems, hence the analysis of objective reality. Socio-humanitarian profile is associated with human consciousness. Since it is sovereign, that is, it is inherent in a particular subject, it is rather difficult to conduct research in this direction. For many people, the consciousness of a particular subject is not available. They can only see external manifestations in the form of speech and actions that are controlled by consciousness. It is for him around the estimated interlocutor. But the problem is that under external decency either a real criminal or a very vulnerable person may well be hiding.
Institute of Social and Humanitiesfaces such a problem as the ideality of consciousness. It does not have certain chemical and physical properties, such as oxidation state, valence, nuclear charge. Its peculiarity is that it is incorporeal, incorporeal. In fact, the information is provided in an ideal form, regardless of the immediate carrier - the brain. It is for these reasons that it is impossible to fix the consciousness with objective methods. Human feelings can not be measured with a ruler, to determine the dynamometer. A variety of medical and physical devices make it possible to record only the physiological brain processes that are carriers of consciousness. For example, you can set the frequency of excitation of nerve cells, their spatial structure. Consciousness is given to man as an internal, subjective experience. It can not be determined by devices, you can only feel. Despite all the difficulties that exist in the study of human spirituality, they cannot be considered insurmountable. The socio-humanitarian profile involves a detailed study of the speech and activities of people, obtaining knowledge about the structure, composition, functions of human consciousness.
The structure of social and humanitarian knowledgeimpossible without the most important methods: empathy and introspection. Introspection translated from Latin means self-observation, the study of a person’s personal spiritual life, and the analysis of one’s own experiences. It allows you to get an idea of your own mind. Without the existence of this method, a person could not study it, manage it.
Empathy (translated from English soundsas empathy) is the penetration of one person into the inner world of another, the perception of others' thoughts and feelings as their personal qualities. The Institute of Social and Humanitarian Studies pays special attention to the identification of similar emotions in a group of like-minded people who together endured some dangers and difficulties. This method is based on sympathy, that is, the internal disposition (empathy) to some person.
Can be considered emotionally coloredunconscious positive assessment of human actions, based on the experience of communication. With its help, the community between different people. The specificity of social and humanitarian knowledge is that only it involves the use of empathy and introspection. In the study of natural processes such methods do not apply.
The system of social and humanitarian knowledge hashigh degree of uniqueness of the objects under consideration. They have a unique combination of certain properties, which adds problems when creating a unified research system in the humanitarian sphere. If a physicist encounters only a few terms, a biologist with two pines, then a teacher or a lawyer should work with two completely different people. Comparing the chemical reaction with the growth of birch and economic reform, we note that for their detailed study will require different methods. For the technical and natural areas, the application of an individual approach is not necessary, because the objects considered in these sciences are of the same type. The differences are mostly insignificant, so they can be overlooked. But a teacher, a psychologist, a lawyer do not have the opportunity to abstract from the characteristics of a person. The classification of the social sciences and humanities is multifaceted, since there are many varieties in each science.
For this you need to install featuresmanifestations in a particular object of a particular law. Otherwise, it will not be possible to fully explain the object, to carry out practical actions with it. To identify the socio-psychological characteristics of an individual or a social group, the category of mentality is currently used. Such a study is much more difficult than the study of the individual spiritual world of man. To reveal the mentality means to determine the unique from the individual, that is, to choose socio-psychological signs.
Institute of Social Humanitarian Knowledge (Kazan)over a long period of time he was engaged in the development of a sequence of actions aimed at studying the unique characteristics of a living subject. As a result, two main stages were identified:
If no such comparison is made,we will talk about the study of personality, consciousness, but not about mentality. Psychologists and sociologists understand the importance of taking into account the laws of the functioning of the objects under study. In the social and humanitarian sphere apply static laws. They have probabilistic causality, it is allowed to cause one of the various actions. That is why all the predictions in social and humanitarian science are approximate, and in technology and nature - clear and accurate.
Among the features of the direction in questionlet us single out the limitations of using a full-fledged experiment in them. For example, when studying the history of a particular country, it is inappropriate to talk about an experiment, because events have already happened. You can not use research in sociology for the analysis of interethnic relations. Inappropriate experiment and in the study of migration. It is incorrect to specifically relocate people, change their living conditions, wages, family composition in order to get some result. In addition, there are ethical restrictions for conducting research in the social sciences and humanities. Experiments that may harm human health, degrade human dignity, and undermine authority are prohibited. Due to the limited experience, the empirical base in this field will be less reliable than in technical disciplines. Social direction uses certain scientific criteria:
Доказательная база в социально-гуманитарном цикле less serious and strict than in exact sciences. The reason is the lack of theoretical positions and established facts. Often, instead of laws, psychologists and educators act intuitively to study certain objects.
In the humanitarian sphere, empirical verifiabilityinvolves the use of observations, interviews, questionnaires, testing. Reproduction of the facts is possible only if there are results of statistical studies on the identified topics. If the experiment fails, his alternative is considered evidence from several sources. For example, in jurisprudence, pedagogy use the testimony of the participants of the event. All objects of the social and humanitarian sphere are complex multi-level hierarchically constructed systems. In order to fully explore the system requires a significant time period.
German philosopher V.Dilthey said that the main criterion for distinguishing various types of sciences is the method used. It was the German scientist who proposed to subdivide all the sciences into those that study the spirit and those that study the laws of nature. Not only the analysis of the person himself, but also familiarity with the texts, ancient manuscripts are widely used in the social and humanitarian cycle. Understanding and interpretation of certain information helps psychologists, educators, lawyers to cope with the tasks assigned to them, first of all, to study the individual characteristics of each individual.
