Each part of speech is characterized by certain,only her characteristic signs. This allows you to group words of the Russian language, depending on their grammatical properties. They are studied by a special section of the Russian language - morphology, which takes into account, among other things, the non-permanent and constant morphological features of the adjective, noun, verb, etc. Knowing the peculiarities of the significant and service parts of speech helps to accurately produce morphological analysis and correctly build phrases and sentences.
В русском языке существует четкая схема анализа.For each independent part of speech, it includes the definition of a generalized grammatical meaning (including a question), morphological features (permanent and non-permanent), syntactic function in the sentence.
This is a significant part of speech, which is oftenused in descriptive texts. Adjectives denote constant signs of objects and answer the questions: which one? whose? They enter into semantic relations with nouns and, when forming phrases, are consistent with them in number, gender, case (non-permanent signs). This part of speech can denote a property of an object without its relationship (young age) or through a relationship (winter day, cow milk) to other objects and phenomena.Depending on the meaning, there are three digits - this is a permanent sign - an adjective. In the sentence, the words of this part of speech perform the function of determination or predicate.
An adjective can characterize a subject from different angles:
Constant signs of an adjective are their division into three categories: qualitative (hot coffee), relative (winter walk) and possessive (father's tie). They are based on the meaning, which necessarily corresponds with the noun.
The most productive group of this part of speech.Qualitative adjectives are carriers of such a trait that can be observed in a subject to a greater or lesser degree, which often manifests itself in the formation of a degree of comparison. The second important feature of this group is its use in short form. It does not change in cases and is a predicate, i.e. predicate, in the sentence.
Constant signs of an adjective of this category are shown as follows.
Not all permanent signs listed above.the adjective must necessarily appear in the word. It is enough at least one of them to be able to attribute the adjective to the quality. By the way, some of them have only a short form: must, glad and etc.
Many words of this category are not derived: hot blue. There are also frequent instances of their formation from nouns (cream), verbs (moving boy), other adjectives: qualitative (gloomy look) or relative and possessive golden hands, bear walk. It should be noted and the formation of new words by adding the same root or repeating: white-white carpet.
Knowledge of all the features allows you to correctly determine the permanent signs of an adjective, i.e. discharge.
The ability to manifest at the subject in greater orat the very least, it is sometimes perceived as a constant sign of an adjective. Meanwhile, the category of the degree of comparison may have several forms (this is an indication of inconstancy). It is a distinctive feature of high-quality adjectives.
Education degrees of comparison:
Positive (no rating) | Comparative | Excellent | ||
simple | compound | simple | compound | |
Nice | More beautiful | More beautiful | Beautiful | The most beautiful, most beautiful |
As the table shows, simple forms are formed by suffixes (-e, -ee, -she, -aish-, -aish), and compound - special words added to the full form (more or less) or a simple comparative degree (of all). Another way - supppletivny, i.e. from another basis: good - best (comrade).
Words used in a simple comparative degree do not change.
Immediately it should be noted that this group of words is notpossesses none of the above qualities. The sign that they designate is necessarily related to another object or event. This is manifested in the possibility of replacing the phrase [noun + adjective] with the synonymous [noun + noun]. For example, a wooden fence = a fence made of wood. The relation of one subject to another in relative adjectives may be as follows:
The relative also includes complex adjectives, the first part of which is the name: two-story building, three year old kid.
Constant morphological features of the relative adjective are also manifested in the fact that they have only the full form.
Derivatives for relative adjectives are nouns, verbs, adverbs, and the way of formation is suffixed (-n-, -an-, -yan-, -in-, -nn-, -on-, l-). For example, foggy look, clay bowl, lecture time, a quick look.
This group expresses the belonging of the subject to someone: a person, an animal. First of all, they can be identified by the question: whose? They, like the relative ones, do not have a degree of comparison, full and short forms. These are the main permanent signs of the adjective of this category.
The peculiarity of possessive adjectives is their morphemic composition. They are derived from nouns using suffixes. -ov-, -ev-, -in-, -ii-: fathers study, mother's coat, fox ears. If the quality and relative adjectives th is the ending (blue is him), then the possessive suffix visible when recording transcription (sound composition) of the word. For example: fox Yul,is,th,Evan.
Meaning and grammatical features of the nameThe adjective is often conditional. They can acquire a figurative meaning and move from one rank to another. Thus, a relative adjective often plays the role of quality, especially in works of art (an additional means of expression). This can be seen in the example of phrases with the adjective Iron door - relative will - quality.
Reverse processes are not so frequent. A qualitative adjective usually changes the discharge if it is part of the term: light industry.
Possessive adjectives have a similar property. And more often it refers to the words associated with animals. For example, word combinations WAYS with different nouns: Nora (possessive) cap (relative - from what?), cowardice (quality).
